5.

Ionogels as energy platforms. (a) An ion diffusion-controlled electrochromic supercapacitor in which ionogels provide both ionic conductivity and dimensional stability, enabling fast coloration/bleaching with minimal residual capacitance. Adapted with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH. (b) Selective ion boosting in thermoelectric generators achieved through zwitterionic p- and n-type polymers, highlighting the design logic of combining ionic conduction with thermopower for efficient p/n leg integration. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (c) Working principle of ionic triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), where ionogels serve as deformable ionic conductors supporting EDL formation during contact-separation cycles, thereby sustaining stable output under repeated mechanical stress. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society.