Table 2. Main bioactive compounds from Phyllanthus spp. with functional activities in aquatic species. For the full list of compounds, please refer to Table S1 (SI). MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration; ZOI: zone of inhibition; LC₅₀: lethal concentration of 50%; TC: test concentration.

No.	Compound/extract	Concentration/numerical results	Biological activity
(A) Flavonoids
1	Kaempferol (C15H10O6) from P. urinaria, P. emblica55,56	TC = 50 mg L−1	Inhibits M. aeruginosa, 69.2% (96 h)48,57
		TC = 30 ppm and 200 ppm	Antioxidant activity in Scomberomorus commersoni58
		TC = 50 mg kg−1	Anti-WSSV activity (92.85%)59
2	Naringenin (C15H12O5) from P. emblica55	TC = 200–400 μM	Inhibits Edwardsiella tarda, the causative agent of Edwardsiellosis in aquaculture species12
3	Quercetin (C15H10O7) from P. urinaria, P. emblica, P. acidus55,60–62	MIC = 0.8 μM	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus (15.9–23.6%)63
		MBC > 1.6 μM
		MIC = 125 μg mL−1	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus64
		TC = 0.09–0.36 mM	Inhibits the expression of flaA and flgL genes encoding flagellin, a structural component of bacterial flagella65
		ZOI = 14.00 ± 0.82 mm	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus
		TC = 200 ppm	Exhibits antioxidant activity in Scomberomorus commersoni58
4	Myricetin (C15H10O8) from P. acidus, P. emblica25,55,62	MIC = 250 μg mL−1	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus64
		TC = 200 ppm	Exhibits antioxidant activity in processed Scomberomorus commersoni58
5	Rutin/Rutoside/Quercetin 3-rutinoside (C27H30O16) from P. emblica, P. amarus, P. acidus, P. muellerianus, P. urinaria16,19,29,34,55,60,66–69	ZOI = 26.75 ± 2.22 mm	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus
		MIC = 35 μg mL−1	Exhibits antifungal activity against Aspergillus ochraceus70
(B) Lignans
6	Hypophyllanthin (C24H30O7) from P. urinaria, P. amarus, P. niruri46,68,71–74	TC = 7.5 μM	Exhibits immunomodulatory activity in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus14
7	Phyllanthin (C24H34O6) from P. urinaria, P. amarus, P. acidus46,68,71–74	—	Protects Cyprinus carpio liver from CCl4-induced damage via enhanced antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation75
(C) Phenolics
8	p-Coumaric acid (C9H8O3) from P. amarus76	Dose = 1.0–1.5 g kg−1 food	Enhances intestinal IL-8 and TNF-α in Cyprinus carpio77
9	Chlorogenic acid (C16H18O9) from P. amarus, P. muellerianus19,29,76	TC = 50 mg kg−1	WSSV inhibition: 94.7–95.03%78
10	Ferulic acid (C10H10O4) from P. urinaria, P. acidus, P. amarus60,62,76,79	Dose = 163.99–183.33 mg kg−1 food	Improves growth, innate immunity, and V. cholerae resistance in M. nipponense
		TC = 1–3% w/v	Inhibits melanosis in chilled Litopenaeus vannamei80
		TC = 1–2%	Inhibits polyphenol oxidase and reduces melanosis in L. vannamei81
11	Methyl gallate (C8H8O5) from P. urinaria, P. emblica, P. muellerianus29,55,68,69,82	MBC = 30 ± 1 to 50 ± 1 μg mL−1	Antibacterial compound disrupting membrane function of V. cholerae83
		MIC = 31.25 μg mL−1	Inhibits the growth of Edwardsiella tarda84
12	Protocatechuic acid/3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (C7H6O4) from P. urinaria, P. emblica63,85	MIC = 28.43 μM	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus (91.04–93.12%)63
		MBC > 35.03 μM
(D) Polyphenol compounds
13	Ellagic acid (C14H6O8) from P. urinaria, P. emblica, P. niruri, P. acidus54,62,68,73,82,86–88	TC = 103 pmol/100 g	Inhibits heavy metal-induced lipid oxidation in cooked Scomberomorus commersoni89
		TC = 30 ppm and 200 ppm	Exhibits antioxidant activity in steamed and cooked Scomberomorus commersoni58
14	(Epi)catechin (C15H14O6) from P. urinaria, P. emblica, P. niruri, P. acidus62,68	TC = 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% (w/v)	Reduces melanosis in Litopenaeus vannamei during freeze–thaw cycles80
15	Gallic acid/3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (C7H6O5) from P. emblica, P. urinaria, P. niruri, P. acidus, P. muellerianus11,15,25,34,53,60,90	TC = 1%	Exhibits preservative effect in Lateolabrax japonicus91
		ZOI = 15.00 ± 0.82 mm	Inhibits V. parahaemolyticus92
16	Pyrogallol (C6H6O3) from P. urinaria16	TC = 64 μg mL−1	Inhibits both AHPND and non-AHPND strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus93
17	Pentagalloylglucose (C41H32O26) from P. urinaria68	LC50 = 55 ppm	Molluscicidal activity against snails94
(E) Terpenoids
18	Oleanolic acid (C30H48O3) from P. urinaria, P. emblica55,79,95	TC = 30 μM	Exhibits immunomodulatory activity in fish14
		TC = 10.95 μM	Antiviral effect against nervous necrosis virus96
19	Betulin (C30H50O2) from P. urinaria95	TC = 20.0 mg mL−1	Antimicrobial effects against E. coli, V. cholerae, and P. aeruginosa97