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. 2025 Oct 29;25:3658. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24989-y

Table 1.

Questionnaire evaluation indicators

Need ID Need factor Description
Physical environment needs PH PH1 Spatial distribution rationality Provision of adequate and well-divided functional spaces
PH2 Reasonable spatial dimensions Space dimensions designed to meet children’s needs
PH3 Lighting environment comfort Comfort of indoor brightness and light intensity
PH4 Acoustic environment comfort Comfort of indoor sound intensity and type
PH5 Temperature and humidity comfort Indoor temperature and humidity comfort
PH6 Odor comfort Indoor odor comfort
PH7 Ventilation comfort Indoor ventilation comfort
PH8 Environmental cleanliness Overall space cleanliness
Facility needs FA FA1 Safety and protective facilities Safety protection facilities for children
FA2 Hygiene and cleaning facilities Hygiene and cleaning facilities suitable for children
FA3 Children activity facilities Play facilities that enable interactive or intelligent experiences
FA4 Child-appropriate facilities Furniture and barrier-free facilities adapted to children’s needs
FA5 Child-appropriate signage and guidance facilities Guidance via voice prompts, screen instructions, and signage
FA6 Infrastructure Trash bins and water dispensers
Activity needs AC AC1 Personalized activity design Customizable activity content
AC2 Diversified special activities for children Reading, painting, climbing, or parent-child interactions
AC3 Expression of child participation Strengthening the sense of belonging
AC4 Science education activities Fun and educational activities on children’s oral health
Services and management needs SM SM1 Medical staff intervention in diagnosis and treatment Emotional support and intervention by medical staff in diagnosis and treatment
SM2 Treatment forms Encouragement-based, game-based, or scenario-simulated approach
SM3 Auxiliary treatment forms for children Animal-assisted therapy and other complementary therapeutic approaches
SM4 Auxiliary treatment equipment for children Child-friendly imaging devices, multimedia systems, and other auxiliary equipment
SM5 Data privacy and security Encrypted user diagnostic data
SM6 Health management Pediatric oral health assessment and management
Environmental decoration needs ED ED1 Playful and engaging spatial atmosphere Story-based environmental design for children
ED2 Vibrant and colorful design Child-aesthetic-oriented color design
ED3 Comfort and safety of materials Eco-friendly and high-quality materials
ED4 Healing-oriented environmental decoration Decorations such as plants and posters that improve space and relieve anxiety