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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Oct 31.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Sep 12;329(5):E707–E718. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2025

Table 1.

Rabbit and Human PCR Primers

Rabbit Primers
ALP - alkaline phosphatase
Forward  5’-ACTGTGGACTACCTCTTG-3’
Reverse 5’-GGTCAGTGATGTTGTTCC-3’ Product size 76 bp
Col1A1 - collagen 1 alpha 1 subunit
Forward  5’-CACATGCGTGCAGAACGGCG-3’
Reverse 3’-CGCGTCTTCGGGGCAGACAG-5’ Product size 184 bp
BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2
Forward   5’-GCTTCGACGTCACCCCTGCC-3’
Reverse 3’-AGGGGGTGCCCCTTCCCATC-5’ Product size 211 bp
TRAP (ACPA5) tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
Forward   5’- GAAACCACGACCACATTGGC -3’
Reverse 3’- GTCACCGTGTCCAGCATGTA -5’ Product size 151 bp
BGLAP - bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (osteocalcin)
Forward   5’- GCTCAGCCTTCGTGTCCA -3’
Reverse 3’- CCTGCCCGTCAATCAGTT -5’ Product size 75 bp
ATPa3 (V-ATPase subunit a3)
Forward   5’- CTGTTCGGCTACCTCGTGTT -3’
Reverse 3’- TAGGACGGACTGGACCACTT -5’ Product size 171 bp
ATPd2 (V-ATPase subunit d2)
Forward   5’- CGCTCAGCACCTTTTTCACC -3’
Reverse 3’- CTAGCGGTGTTTCCACCAGT -5’ Product size 207 bp
CTSK (cathepsin K)
Forward   5’- TCAAAGTACCCCCGTCTCGT -3’
Reverse 3’- TGAAAGCCCAACAGGAACCA -5’ Product size 150 bp
Human Primer
Col1A1 - collagen type I alpha 1 chain
Forward  5’-AGGGACACAGAGGTTTCAGTGGTT-3’
Reverse  5’- GCAGCACCAGTAGCACCATCATTT-3’ Product size 198 bp
RunX2 – RUNX family transcription factor 2
Forward 5’-TGGTTACTGTCATGGCGGGTA-3’
Reverse 5’-TCTCAGATCGTTGAACCTTGCTA-3’ Product size 101 bp
ALPL – alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated
Forward 5’-ACCACCACGAGAGTGAACCA -3’
Reverse 5’-CGTTGTCTGAGTACCAGTCCC -3’ Product size 79 bp
BGLAP - bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (Osteocalcin)
Forward   5’- CACTCCTCGCCCTATTGGC -3’
Reverse   5’- CCCTCCTGCTTGGACACAAAG -3’ Product size 112 bp
VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor A
Forward   5’- AAGGAGGAGGGCAGAATCAT -3’
Reverse   5’- ATCTGCATGGTGATGTTGGA -3’ Product size 225 bp
FLT1 - fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (VEGFR1)
Forward   5’- TTTGCCTGAAATGGTGAGTAAGG -3’
Reverse   5’- TGGTTTGCTTGAGCTGTGTTC -3’ Product size 117 bp
FLK1/KDR - kinase insert domain receptor (VEGFR2)
Forward   5’- GGCCCAATAATCAGAGTGGCA -3’
Reverse   5’- CCAGTGTCATTTCCGATCACTTT -3’ Product size 109 bp
MC2R – melanocortin 2 (adrenocorticotropic hormone) receptor
Forward   5’- GACTGTCCTCGTGTGGTTTTG -3’
Reverse   5’- GGCTGCCCAGCATATCAGAT -3’ Product size 166 bp
NDUFA5 – NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A5
Forward   5’- GAGAAGCTGGCTATGGTTAAAGCG -3’
Reverse   5’- CCACTAATGGCTCCCATAGTTTCC -3’ Product size 154 bp
NDUFB1 – NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B1
Forward   5’- GTCCCTATGGGATTTGTCATTGG -3’
Reverse   5’- CAGTTAGCCGTTCATCACTCTT -3’ Product size 60 bp
NDUFB6 – NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B6
Forward   5’- CCACAGAAGATGGGGCCTATG -3’
Reverse   5’- TCCAGACAGGTACAAGTACATGA -3’ Product size 133 bp
NDUFS2 – NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S2
Forward   5’- ACCCAAGCAAAGAAACAGCC -3’
Reverse   5’- AATGAGCTTCTCAGTGCCTC -3’ Product size 214 bp
BMP2 – bone morphogenetic protein 2
Forward   5’- ACTACCAGAAACGAGTGGGAA -3’
Reverse   5’- GCATCTGTTCTCGGAAAACCT -3’ Product size 113 bp
TGFβ – transforming growth factor, beta 1
Forward   5’- CTAATGGTGGAAACCCACAACG -3’
Reverse   5’- TATCGCCAGGAATTGTTGCTG -3’ Product size 209 bp
SMAD1 - SMAD family member 1
Forward   5’- TTGGCACAGTCTGTGAACCATGG -3’
Reverse   5’- GTAACATCCTGGCGGTGGTATTC -3’ Product size 116 bp
SMAD2 - SMAD family member 2
Forward   5’- GGGTTTTGAAGCCGTCTATCAGC -3’
Reverse   5’- CCAACCACTGTAGAGGTCCATTC -3’ Product size 149 bp
SMAD3 - SMAD family member 3
Forward   5’- TGAGGCTGTCTACCAGTTGACC -3’
Reverse   5’- GTGAGGACCTTGTCAAGCCACT -3’ Product size 156 bp
WNT1 – wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1
Forward   5’- CTCTTCGGCAAGATCGTCAACC -3’
Reverse   5’- CGATGGAACCTTCTGAGCAGGA -3’ Product size 112 bp
β-Catenin – catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1)
Forward   5’- CGTGGACAATGGCTACTCAAGC -3’
Reverse   5’- TCTGAGCTCGAGTCATTGCATAC -3’ Product size 285 bp
BGN- Biglycan
Forward   5’- GAGACCCTGAATGAACTCCACC -3’
Reverse   5’- CTCCCGTTCTCGATCATCCTG -3’ Product size 131 bp
ITGA5 - Integrin α5
Forward   5’- GCCGATTCACATCGCTCTCAAC -3’
Reverse   5’- GTCTTCTCCACAGTCCAGCAAG -3’ Product size 139 bp
ITGB1 - Integrin β1
Forward   5’- GGATTCTCCAGAAGGTGGTTTCG -3’
Reverse   5’- TGCCACCAAGTTTCCCATCTCC -3’ Product size 143 bp