Table 2.
Daily energy intake, macronutrients, fatty acids, cholesterol, micronutrients, and antioxidants before and after intervention.
| Variable | Placebo (n = 28) | Nano-curcumin (n = 27) | P value¥ | P value* | P value** | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After 16 weeks | Change | P value† | Baseline | After 16 weeks | Change | P value† | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1507.56 ± 570.70 | 1533.70 ± 561.72 | 26.14 ± 435.31 | 0.753 | 1663.79 ± 649.63 | 1733.80 ± 698.24 | 56.38 ± 429.65 | 0.509 | 0.48 | 0.541 | 0.574 |
| Carbohydrates (%) | 57.81 ± 8.04 | 57.95 ± 7.54 | 0.14 ± 8.99 | 0.935 | 57.11 ± 7.21 | 55.86 ± 7.35 | − 1.40 ± 9.47 | 0.455 | 0.73 | 0.309 | 0.149 |
| Protein (%) | 16.83 ± 3.79 | 16.24 ± 3.16 | − 0.58 ± 4.40 | 0.490 | 16.90 ± 3.95 | 16.26 ± 4.10 | − 0.51 ± 4.82 | 0.590 | 0.94 | 0.978 | 0.663 |
| Fat (%) | 28.93 ± 5.20 | 29.17 ± 5.60 | 0.24 ± 6.13 | 0.837 | 29.45 ± 5.56 | 31.01 ± 6.25 | 1.58 ± 8.02 | 0.323 | 0.72 | 0.266 | 0.160 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 190.26 ± 70.58 | 193.49 ± 78.65 | 3.22 ± 65.37 | 0.796 | 212.95 ± 80.48 | 219.32 ± 74.06 | 5.39 ± 47.34 | 0.566 | 0.271 | 0.541 | 0.538 |
| SFA (g/d) | 15.13 ± 6.26 | 15.49 ± 6.47 | 0.36 ± 4.93 | 0.696 | 16.85 ± 7.09 | 17.90 ± 6.15 | 0.93 ± 4.79 | 0.331 | 0.344 | 0.326 | 0.346 |
| MUFA (g/d) | 9.27 ± 3.83 | 9.49 ± 3.96 | 0.22 ± 3.02 | 0.650 | 10.32 ± 4.34 | 10.97 ± 3.77 | 0.57 ± 2.93 | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.434 | 0.333 |
| PUFA- w6 (g/d) | 6.86 ± 2.84 | 7.03 ± 2.93 | 0.16 ± 2.23 | 0.412 | 7.64 ± 3.21 | 8.12 ± 2.79 | 0.42 ± 2.17 | 0.319 | 0.482 | 0.356 | 0.397 |
| PUFA- w3(g/d) | 3.20 ± 1.32 | 3.28 ± 1.37 | 0.07 ± 1.04 | 0.368 | 3.56 ± 1.50 | 3.79 ± 1.30 | 0.19 ± 1.01 | 0.529 | 0.441 | 0.562 | 0.511 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 19.52 ± 8.08 | 19.99 ± 8.35 | 0.47 ± 6.36 | 0.475 | 21.74 ± 9.15 | 23.10 ± 7.93 | 1.20 ± 6.18 | 0.223 | 0.398 | 0.382 | 0.345 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 109.26 ± 44.43 | 110.59 ± 40.13 | 1.33 ± 33.71 | 0.835 | 118.78 ± 49.92 | 123.62 ± 59.07 | 3.59 ± 44.82 | 0.686 | 0.458 | 0.591 | 0.506 |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 12.35 ± 4.46 | 12.46 ± 5.44 | 0.11 ± 5.24 | 0.909 | 13.89 ± 5.63 | 13. 83 ± 5.90 | − 0.08 ± 4.24 | 0.923 | 0.265 | 0.797 | 0.964 |
| Selenium (μg/d) | 74.12 ± 26.81 | 74.80 ± 33.66 | 0.68 ± 31.48 | 0.811 | 83.37 ± 33.78 | 83.02 ± 35.41 | − 0.48 ± 25.46 | 0.823 | 0.165 | 0.597 | 0.564 |
| Beta-carotene (μg/d) | 1809.07 ± 684.84 | 1840.44 ± 674.07 | 31.36 ± 522.37 | 0.753 | 1996.55 ± 779.56 | 2080.57 ± 837.89 | 67.66 ± 515.58 | 0.509 | 0.347 | 0.541 | 0.574 |
| Lycopene (μg/d) | 2110.58 ± 798.99 | 2147.18 ± 786.41 | 36.59 ± 609.43 | 0.653 | 2329.31 ± 909.48 | 2427.33 ± 977.54 | 78.94 ± 601.51 | 0.411 | 0.255 | 0.430 | 0.460 |
¥The Independent Samples t-test was used to compare baseline values between the two groups.
*Generalized Linear Models: Adjusted comparisons based on baseline values of the assessed parameter.
**Generalized Linear Models: Adjusted comparisons based on baseline values of the assessed parameter, age, sex, diabetes status, calorie intake changes, and body mass index changes.
†Paired t-test.