Table 4.
Liver fibrosis, steatosis, fibrosis-4 index, and liver function tests before and after intervention.
| Variable | Placebo (n = 28) | Nano-curcumin (n = 27) | P value¥ | P value* | P value** | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After 16 weeks | Change | P value† | Baseline | After 16 weeks | Change | P value† | ||||
| Liver fibrosis (kPa) | 10.08 ± 1.62 | 8.67 ± 1.96 | − 1.41 ± 1.71 | ≤ 0.001 | 10.50 ± 2.66 | 8.85 ± 2.49 | − 1.64 ± 1.83 | ≤ 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.798 | 0.913 |
| Hepatic steatosis (dB/m) | 341.96 ± 41.77 | 297.32 ± 46.39 | − 4.64 ± 41.34 | ≤ 0.001 | 327.96 ± 49.30 | 285.92 ± 42.47 | − 4.03 ± 3.26 | ≤ 0.001 | 0.38 | 0.745 | 0.230 |
| Fibrosis-4 index | 1.17 ± 0.63 | 1.16 ± 0.66 | − 0.01 ± 0.38 | 0.870 | 1.29 ± 0.62 | 1.11 ± 0.66 | − 0.17 ± 0.36 | 0.022 | 0.50 | 0.135 | 0.309 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31.42 ± 14.17 | 31.28 ± 16.20 | − 0.14 ± 11.45 | 0.948 | 46.00 ± 28.19 | 26.40 ± 15.60 | − 19.59 ± 16.89 | ≤ 0.001 | 0.04 | ≤ 0.001 | ≤ 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 27.21 ± 10.07 | 26.28 ± 12.10 | − 0.92 ± 11.64 | 0.676 | 38.44 ± 23.38 | 23.40 ± 11.20 | − 15.03 ± 16.31 | ≤ 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| ALP (U/L) | 92.53 ± 38.26 | 86.96 ± 41.30 | − 5.57 ± 20.37 | 0.159 | 79.03 ± 18.40 | 79.81 ± 21.45 | − 0.77 ± 14.54 | 0.783 | 0.29 | 0.262 | 0.161 |
| GGT (U/L) | 61.46 ± 6.45 | 53.17 ± 51.47 | − 8.28 ± 47.81 | 0.367 | 59.77 ± 5.54 | 35.19 ± 16.53 | − 15.65 ± 18.00 | ≤ 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.084 | 0.043 |
| LDH (U/L) | 198.96 ± 49.66 | 190.67 ± 54.99 | − 8.28 ± 20.37 | 0.065 | 180.62 ± 33.59 | 158.53 ± 25.29 | − 20.61 ± 23.83 | ≤ 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.016 | 0.025 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.57 ± 0.25 | 4.55 ± 0.26 | − 0.02 ± 0.21 | 0.547 | 4.79 ± 0.31 | 4.71 ± 0.25 | − 0.08 ± 0.20 | 0.054 | 0.008 | 0.666 | 0.976 |
| Platelets (1000/ML) | 266.07 ± 123.75 | 269.57 ± 154.03 | 3.50 ± 65.66 | 0.780 | 238.18 ± 63.11 | 225.81 ± 51.22 | − 12.37 ± 33.32 | 0.065 | 0.82 | 0.295 | 0.337 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.58 ± 0.26 | 0.56 ± 0.24 | − 0.01 ± 0.16 | 0.642 | 0.64 ± 0.30 | 0.65 ± 0.35 | 0.00 ± 0.18 | 0.885 | 0.25 | 0.522 | 0.718 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.21 ± 0.09 | 0.20 ± 0.09 | − 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.243 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.23 ± 0.10 | − 0.006 ± 0.04 | 0.525 | 0.38 | 0.499 | 0.340 |
Bold values indicate the represent statistically significant measurements, highlighting the effects of nano-curcuminsupplementation on liver fibrosis and associated biochemical and anthropometric outcomes.
¥The Independent Samples t-test was used to compare baseline values between the two groups.
*Generalized Linear Models: Adjusted comparisons based on baseline values of the assessed parameter.
**Generalized Linear Models: Adjusted comparisons based on baseline values of the assessed parameter, age, sex, diabetes status, calorie intake changes, and body mass index changes.
†Paired t-test.
Abbreviations: ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase), GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase), LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase).