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. 2025 Oct 30;15:38042. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-21888-5

Table 5.

Evaluation metrics for deep Learning.

Models Training Validation
Accuracy Loss RMSE Accuracy Loss RMSE
VGG-16 98.5 0.082 0.286 96.5 0.216 0.464
MobileNet V2 94.5 0.199 0.446 92.5 0.255 0.504
ResNet50 94.5 0.230 0.479 96.5 0.272 0.521
DenseNet-161 98.2 0.081 0.284 95.6 0.183 0.427
Inception V3 95.5 0.119 0.344 97.5 0.155 0.393
VGG-19 96.5 0.123 0.350 94.5 0.213 0.461