Table 2.

SIRT1 and mTOR pathways in exercise-induced β-cell senescence

Author/Date	Subject characteristic	Exercise protocol	Sample	Biomarkers	Duration	Outcome
Hung-Wen Liu (2019) [124]	N = 16 male diabetic C57BLKS/J (db/db) mice	MET (5.2 m/min, 1 h/day, and 5 days/week)	Kidney- liver	SIRT1 NF-κB PGC1α	8 weeks	↑ SIRT1 ↓ NF-κB ↑ PGC1α
Dumke et al. (2022) [125]	N = 40 trained cyclists	3 h of intensive cycling performed on three consecutive days	Muscle	SIRT1 PGC-1α CC CS	3 day	↑ SIRT1 ↑ CC ↑ CS ↑ PGC1α
Ghasemi, Afzalpour, & Nayebifar (2020) [126]	N = 20 Overweight women (trained & untrained	3 sessions/week WT (4 × 30 s all-out cycling at.075 kg/kg BM)	Serum SIRT1	SIRT1	10 weeks	↑ SIRT1
Ghiasi et al. (2019) [89]	N = 28 Diabetic Wistar rats	ST (60 min/daily, 5 days/week)	Serum –pancreatic β cells	SIRT1 Albumin SOD GPX CAT MDA	12 weeks	↑ SIRT1 ↑ Albumin ↑ SOD  ↔ GPX  ↔ CAT  ↔ MDA
Gurd et al (2010) [97]	N = 9 (3 females and 6 males) healthy human	HIIT (1 h of 10 4 min intervals at 90% peak oxygen consumption separated by 2 min rest, 3 days per week)	Muscle	SIRT1 Cs β HCADS CC PGC-1a	6 weeks	↑ SIRT1 ↑ Cs ↑ β HCADS ↑ CC ↑ PGC-1a
Gharakhanlou & Bonab [95]	N = 40 women with T2DM	ST with an intensity of 45–65% of maximum HR	Blood	SIRT1 FGF-21 HDL	12 weeks	↑ SIRT1 ↑ FGF-21 ↑ HDL
Hooshmand-Moghadam et al. (2020) [127]	N = 30 Healthy elderly men	RT intensity of 60% 1RM (3 ×/week, 4 sets of the six exercise circuits	Blood	Sirt1 Sirt3 Sirt6 PGC1-α TE	12 weeks	↑ Sirt1 ↑ Sirt3 ↑ sirt6 ↑ PGC1-α ↑ TE
Lamb et al. (2020) [128]	N = 16 overweight, untrained individuals	SRRT (2 d/wk) full-body	Muscle	NAD +  NADH SIRT1 NAMPT	10 weeks	↑ NAD +  ↑ NADH ↑ SIRT1 ↑ NAMPT

BM Body mass, MET moderate exercise training, CC Cytochrome C, CS citrate synthase, WT Wingate test, ST swimming training, SOD superoxide dismutase, GPX glutathione peroxidase, CAT catalase, MDA malondialdehyde, HIIT high intensity interval training, β -hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase = β HCADS, HR heart rate, HDL High density lipoprotein, FGF-21 fibroblast growth factor 21, RT resistance training, 1RM 1 repetition maximum, TE telomerase enzyme, SRRT self-reported resistance training, NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase