Table 4.
Adjusteda OR (95% CI) and ratio of discordant pairs (RDP) for maternal exposure to solvents.
| 2 years before pregnancy up to birth
|
During pregnancy
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORb (95% CI) | RDP | OR (95% CI) | RDP | |
| Specific chemicals | ||||
| Methanol | 0.77 (0.41–1.47) | 17:22 | 0.78 (0.39–1.55) | 15:19 |
| Ethanol | 1.22 (0.66–2.25) | 23:19 | 1.06 (0.55–2.03) | 19:18 |
| Isopropanol | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) | 85:89 | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) | 73:78 |
| Chloroform | 0.25 (0.05–1.17) | 2:8 | 0.25 (0.05–1.17) | 2:8 |
| Methylene chloride | 1.34 (0.54–3.34) | 11:8 | 1.25 (0.46–3.35) | 9:7 |
| 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 7.55 (0.92–61.97) | 7:1 | 4.07 (0.45–36.7) | 4:1 |
| Perchloroethylene | 0.96 (0.41–2.25) | 11:11 | 0.84 (0.30–2.34) | 7:8 |
| Acetone | 1.05 (0.53–2.08) | 17:16 | 1.13 (0.52–2.44) | 14:12 |
| Methyl ethyl ketone | — | 4:0 | — | 4:0 |
| Benzene | 0.82 (0.22–3.06) | 4:5 | 1.39 (0.31–6.25) | 4:3 |
| Toluene | 1.88 (1.01–3.47) | 29:16 | 2.25 (1.02–4.95) | 20:9 |
| Diethyl ether | 0.50 (0.17–1.48) | 5:15 | 0.63 (0.20–1.93) | 5:8 |
| Turpentine | 1.76 (0.42–7.42) | 5:3 | 1.76 (0.42–7.42) | 5:3 |
| Mixtures | ||||
| Mineral spirits, post-1970 | 1.82 (1.05–3.14) | 37:20 | 1.66 (0.86–3.22) | 24:14 |
| Minerals spirits, pre-1970 | — | 5:0 | — | 4:0 |
| Leaded gasoline | 5.09 (0.59–43.65) | 5:1 | 4.14 (0.46–37.16) | 4:1 |
| Unleaded gasoline | 0.90 (0.30–2.71) | 6:7 | 0.83 (0.22–3.10) | 4:5 |
| Chemical familiesc | ||||
| Alkanes (C5–C17) | 1.78 (1.11–2.86) | 48:27 | 1.72 (0.98–3.03) | 33:19 |
| Aliphatic alcohols | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 97:108 | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 84:95 |
| Chlorinated alkanes | 1.33 (0.68–2.61) | 20:15 | 1.05 (0.50–2.19) | 15:14 |
| Chlorinated alkenes | 0.97 (0.43–2.17) | 12:12 | 0.86 (0.33–2.25) | 8:9 |
| Aliphatic ketones | 1.30 (0.68–2.50) | 21:16 | 1.46 (0.70–3.03) | 18:12 |
| MAH | 1.64 (1.12–2.41) | 70:43 | 1.68 (1.06–2.67) | 49:29 |
| Solventsd | 1.09 (0.87–1.38) | 154:141 | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 125:125 |
MAH, mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
a
Adjusted for maternal age and level of schooling; specific chemicals or mixtures with fewer than four exposed mothers are not shown.
b
Odds ratio (95% CI) for any exposure; baseline is no exposure.
c
Chemical families regroup specific chemicals that belong to a family and mixtures that have components belonging to it.
d
Includes all specific chemicals and mixtures in the table.