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. 2025 Oct 17;16:1693596. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1693596

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Copyright © 2025 Tao, Liu, Lv, Sun, Zhang, Liang and Zou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating the process of converting food waste into polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Steps include pretreatment of food waste, anaerobic fermentation to produce acidogenic volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial domestication for PHA synthesis. Influencing factors for VFA and PHA production include pH, organic loading rate (OLR), carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and temperature. The process culminates in different fermentative reactor systems: batch, fed-batch, repeated fed-batch, and continuous, leading to PHA production. — Process of food waste-VFAs-PHA generation.