Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 Oct 17;16:1693596. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1693596

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2025 Tao, Liu, Lv, Sun, Zhang, Liang and Zou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Flowchart depicting the process and challenges of producing PHA from food waste. Starting with food waste, challenges include low hydrolysis efficiency and complex composition. Acidogenic fermentation is inhibited by costly bacteria and low enrichment efficiency. PHA production lacks optimization and clarity, with non-VFA substances under-researched. PHA separation and purification faces high extraction costs and insufficient analysis. The cycle ends with PHA production and highlights industrialization issues. — Challenges in food waste-VFAs-PHA generation.