Table 2.

Food waste-oriented VFAs for PHA generation using pure bacterial culture or mixed microbial culture.

Substrate	VFA composition	Culture	Reactor type	PHA content (%)	PHA yield (g/g VFAs)	PHA production rate (g/L/h)	PHA type	References
Food waste	Acetate, propionate, butyrate, hexanoate	Cupriavidus necator	Batch	56.0	0.63	0.05	3HB-co-3-HV	Vu et al., 2022
Food waste	Acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate	C. necator	Batch	77.5	0.27	0.04	3HB	Khatami et al., 2022
Food waste	Acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate	Burkholderia cepacia	Batch	54.9	0.17	0.02	3HB	Khatami et al., 2022
Food waste	Acetate, propionate, butyrate	Rhodopseudomonas palustris	Batch	48.6	nd	nd	3HB, 3HV	Dan et al., 2023
Fruit waste	Acetate, butyrate	C. necator	Batch	63.0	0.27	0.06	3HB	Martinez et al., 2016
Food waste	Lactate, acetate, propionate	C. necator	Batch	87.0	0.18	0.03	3HB-co-3-HV	Hafuka et al., 2011
Food waste	Acetate, propionate, butyrate	Halomonas boliviensis	Batch	70.0	nd	0.34	3HB-co-3-HV	García-Torreiro et al., 2016
Cheese whey	Hexanoate, octanoate	C. necator	Batch	71.0	0.60	0.21	3HB	Domingos et al., 2018
Food waste	Acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate	Mixed culture	Batch	36.9	nd	nd	3HB, 3HV	Reddy and Mohan, 2012
Food waste	Acetate, butyrate, hexanoate	Mixed culture	Batch	43.5	0.08	0.11	3HB, 3HV	Perez-Zabaleta et al., 2021
Cheese whey	Acetate, propionate, butyrate	Mixed culture	Batch	45–50	nd	nd	3HB, 3HV	Lagoa-Costa et al., 2022
Fruit waste	Acetate, butyrate, hexanoate	Mixed culture	Batch	71.3	nd	0.14	HB, HV, HH	Silva et al., 2022
Cheese whey	Acetate, butyrate, hexanoate	Mixed culture	Batch	32.5	0.25	0.07	3HB, 3HV, 3HH	Iglesias-Iglesias et al., 2021
Cheese whey	VFA mixtures	Mixed culture	Batch	43	0.55	0.11	HB, HV	Oliveira et al., 2018
Food waste	VFA mixtures	Mixed culture	Batch	47.9	0.13a	0.83	3HB, 3HV	Wu et al., 2022

nd, not detected; ^aThe unit of this value is g/g volatile solids.