Table 3.
Techno-economic and environmental analysis of PHA production.
| Types | Scale of study | PHA production cost ($/kg) | Global warming potential (kg CO2-eq/kg PHA) | Abiotic depletion potential (MJ/kg polymer) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheese whey | Lab scale | 3.0 | 5.9 | 79.5 | Asunis et al., 2021 |
| Paper mill or food industry wastewater | Lab scale | 1.5–2.1 | 2.2–4.3 | 106–158 | Fernández-Dacosta et al., 2015 |
| Soybean oil | Theoretical simulations | nd | 4.4 | 50.3 | Kookos et al., 2019 |
| Sunflower meal and crude glycerol | Theoretical simulations | 12.5 | 0.6 | 61.7 | Kachrimanidou et al., 2021 |
| Glycerol | Lab scale | 5.9–6.1 | 0.6 | nd | Leong et al., 2017 |
| Sugarcane bagasse | Theoretical simulations | 2.1 | 4.2 | nd | Nieder-Heitmann et al., 2019 |
| Food waste | Pilot scale | nd | 70.2 | nd | Wu et al., 2022 |
| Crude glycerol | Lab scale | 1.5–2.0 | 5.4–8.2 | nd | Thanahiranya et al., 2025 |
| Polypropylene | Industrial scale | 1.1 | 1.6–2.2 | 70.2–71.3 | Mannheim and Simenfalvi, 2020 |
| Polyethylene terephthalate | Industrial scale | 1.4 | 2.2 | 69.0 | Nieder-Heitmann et al., 2019 |
nd, not detected.