Table 5.
Descriptive outcomes of melatonin effect in culture media.
| Outcomes | Results |
|---|---|
| Four-cell embryos | No change [60] |
|
| |
| Eight-cell embryos | Increased [33]; no change [61] |
|
| |
| Grade 1 blastocysts | Increased [19]; no change [19] |
|
| |
| Grade 2 blastocysts | Increased [19]; no change [19] |
|
| |
| TCN | Increased [61, 62]; no change [19, 60, 61, 63] |
|
| |
| Apoptosis | No change [19]; decreased [19, 62, 63] |
|
| |
| Caspase activity | No change [63] |
|
| |
| ROS level | No change [19] |
|
| |
| GSH level | No change [19] |
|
| |
| Antioxidant-related transcripts | Upregulation of GDF9, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT No change in SOD2, GPX, and PRDX5 [19, 61, 62] |
|
| |
| Apoptosis-related transcripts | Upregulation of BCL-2 and MCL1 No change in SHC1, MCL1, P53, BAX, BAX/BCL-2 ratio Downregulation of BAX, caspase-3, SHC1 [61, 62] |
|
| |
| Development-related transcripts | Upregulation of DNMT1A, SLC2A1, DSC2, DNMT3A, and HSP70 No change in OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, POU5F1, IFNT2, SLC2A1, SLC2A3, HSPB1, KRT8 [19, 61, 62] |
Note: GSH, glutathione.
Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCN, total cell number.