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. 2025 Oct 24;2025:5351950. doi: 10.1155/vmi/5351950

Table 5.

Descriptive outcomes of melatonin effect in culture media.

Outcomes Results
Four-cell embryos No change [60]

Eight-cell embryos Increased [33]; no change [61]

Grade 1 blastocysts Increased [19]; no change [19]

Grade 2 blastocysts Increased [19]; no change [19]

TCN Increased [61, 62]; no change [19, 60, 61, 63]

Apoptosis No change [19]; decreased [19, 62, 63]

Caspase activity No change [63]

ROS level No change [19]

GSH level No change [19]

Antioxidant-related transcripts Upregulation of GDF9, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT
No change in SOD2, GPX, and PRDX5 [19, 61, 62]

Apoptosis-related transcripts Upregulation of BCL-2 and MCL1
No change in SHC1, MCL1, P53, BAX, BAX/BCL-2 ratio
Downregulation of BAX, caspase-3, SHC1 [61, 62]

Development-related transcripts Upregulation of DNMT1A, SLC2A1, DSC2, DNMT3A, and HSP70
No change in OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, POU5F1, IFNT2, SLC2A1, SLC2A3, HSPB1, KRT8 [19, 61, 62]

Note: GSH, glutathione.

Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCN, total cell number.