Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review (single-arm studies)
| Study ID | Country | Study design | Sample size | Population | Intervention | Implementation frequency, times of Balint | Study duration (months) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [39] | China | Single-arm | 155 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Weekly, 20 | 5 | unclear |
| [40] | China | Single-arm | 75 | Resident doctors | Balint group | Once every two weeks, 6 | 3 | unclear |
| [41] | China | Single-arm | 30 | Physicians | Balint group | Weekly, not reported | 6 | unclear |
| [42] | China | Single-arm | 20 | Physicians, nurses | Balint group | Once every two weeks, 8 | 4 | unclear |
| [43] | China | Single-arm | 76 | Resident doctors | Balint group | Not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [44] | China | Single-arm | 35 | Physicians, nurses | Balint group | Once every two weeks, 6 | 3 | unclear |
| [45] | China | Single-arm | 54 | Physicians, nurses | Balint group | Weekly, 6 | 1.5 | high |
| [46] | China | Single-arm | 30 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Once or twice every two months, not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [47] | China | Single-arm | 104 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [48] | UK | Single-arm | 16 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Weekly, 5 | 1.25 | unclear |
| [49] | China | Single-arm | 68 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Not reported, 3 | Not reported | unclear |
| [50] | Australia | Single-arm | 20 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Weekly, 6 | 1.5 | unclear |
| [51] | Australia | Single-arm | 42 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [52] | Netherlands | Single-arm | 22 | Physicians | Balint group | Not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [53] | China | Single-arm | 18 | Resident doctors | Balint group | Monthly, 26 (12 times per person) | 12 | unclear |
| [54] | China | Single-arm | 20 | Resident doctors | Balint group + Figure sculpture | Not reported, 16 | Not reported | unclear |
| [55] | China | Single-arm | 54 | Resident doctors | Balint group | Once every two weeks, 30 (5–6 times per person) | 3 | unclear |
| [56] | China | Single-arm | 136 | Physicians, nurses | Balint group | Monthly, 17 | Not reported | unclear |
| [57] | China | Single-arm | 160 | Physicians, nurses | Balint group | Not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [58] | Singapore | Single-arm | 26 | Physicians | Balint group (online) | Not reported | Not reported | unclear |
| [59] | China | Single-arm | 13 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Weekly, 6 | 3 | unclear |
| [60] | Finland | Single-arm | 9 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Weekly, ‘five people group’ 10 times per person, ‘four people group’ 5 times per person | Not reported | unclear |
| [61] | New Zeland | Single-arm | 6 | Clinical medical students | Balint group | Weekly, 6 | 1.5 | unclear |
| [62] | China | Single-arm | 30 | Physicians, nurses, medical technicians | Balint group | Monthly, 6 times per person | 11 | unclear |
| [63] | USA | Single-arm | 18 | Resident doctors | Balint group | Weekly, 24 | 6 | unclear |
| [64] | China | Single-arm | 30 | Physicians | Balint group | Not reported, 10 | 12 | unclear |
| [65] | China | Single-arm | 55 | Physicians, clinical medical students | Balint group | Not reported, 10 | Not reported | unclear |
| [66] | USA | Single-arm | 55 | Resident doctors | Balint group | Not reported | 12 | high |