Table 2.

Weighted socio-demographic characteristics of children and use of five forms of media by mothers of children in two groups of ECD

Variables	Overall %	Year-2014		Year-2018
		ECD on track %	ECD not on track %	ECD on track %	ECD not on track %
Residence
Urban	27.65	81.45	18.55	69.08	32.27
Rural	72.35	76.36	23.64	62.78	37.22
Province
Punjab	32.30	81.29	18.71	81.21	18.79
Sindh	19.11	66.57	33.43	65.51	34.49
Balochistan	18.09	-	-	57.96	42.04
KPK	26.61	82.53	17.47	68.80	31.20
Gilgit-Baltistan	3.90	77.67	22.33	-	-
Children’s age in years
3	51.49	74.61	25.39	61.75	38.25
4	48.51	81.19	18.81	66.68	33.32
Children’s Gender
Male	51.48	77.38	22.26	78.12	21.88
Female	48.52	64.13	35.87	64.21	35.79
Malnutrition1
Yes	50.29	73.87	26.13	59.95	40.05
No	49.71	82.11	17.89	68.10	31.90
Child ever attended early childhood education programme
Yes	84.09	90.74	9.26	60.38	39.62
No	15.91	75.22	24.78	85.44	14.56
Types of media
0	16.84	63.89	36.11	47.00	53.00
1	38.04	75.57	24.43	65.98	34.02
2	33.85	79.44	20.56	72.28	72.28
3	8.89	84.30	15.70	22.03	77.97
4	2.23	87.33	12.67	68.60	31.40
5	0.15	56.08	43.92	80.90	19.10
Mother’s education level
None/pre-school	64.39	73.67	26.33	59.07	40.93
Primary	12.59	80.49	19.51	74.39	25.61
Middle	6.50	84.11	15.89	72.27	27.73
Secondary	8.99	84.80	15.20	71.71	28.29
Higher	7.53	89.51	10.49	78.44	21.56
Wealth quintile of household
Poorest	21.87	67.36	32.64	61.10	38.90
Poorer	20.59	74.31	25.69	65.35	34.65
Middle	19.96	79.47	20.53	62.96	37.04
Richer	18.97	82.09	17.91	64.78	35.22
Richest	18.62	87.99	12.01	67.07	32.93
Do you read newspapers or magazines?
Yes	12.72	85.85	14.15	73.77	26.23
No	87.28	83.36	16.64	63.44	36.56
Frequency of listening to the radio
Yes	5.46	79.56	20.44	64.94	35.06
No	94.54	77.62	22.38	64.16	35.84
Frequency of watching television
Yes	44.75	80.20	19.80	71.53	28.47
No	55.25	75.46	24.54	58.76	41.24
Mobile phone usage in the past three months2
Yes	79.27	78.60	21.40	70.78	29.22
No	20.73	64.86	35.14	48.93	51.07
Internet usage3
Yes	82.82	100.00	0	81.21	18.79
No	17.18	85.14	14.86	61.26	38.74

¹Children who were stunted or wasted or underweight

²In MICS-5 (2014), mobile phone ownership was not directly asked, so we use the household survey question, 'Does anyone in the household own a phone?' In 2018, mothers were directly asked about the frequency of their mobile phone use over the past three months

³In MICS-5 the question asks the frequency of internet usage in 1 month and for MICS-6 (2018) it refers to frequency of internet usage in 3 months