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. 2025 Nov 3;27:e76296. doi: 10.2196/76296

Table 4. Multilevel regression models with moderators for use of conversational agent.

B (SE) 95% CI Omnibus test QM P value
Model 1: Publication year 5.37 .02
 Intercept 75.12 (32.38) 11.66 to 138.58
 Publication year −0.04 (0.02) −0.07 to −0.01
Model 2: Age 0.09 .76
 Intercept 0.16 (0.26) −0.36 to 0.68
 Participants’ average age 0.00 (0.01) −0.02 to 0.01
Model 3: Type of interaction
(reference: interacting with designed CAsa)
2.14 .14
 Intercept 0.16 (0.09) −0.01 to 0.33
 Wizard of OZ −0.30 (0.20) −0.70 to 0.10
Model 4: Health topic (reference: mental health) 0.02 .99
 Intercept 0.09 (0.11) −0.12 to 0.31
 Promote health behavior 0.04 (0.24) −0.43 to 0.50
 Provide medical information and advice 0.01 (0.31) −0.60 to 0.62
Model 5: Publication outlet (reference: journal publication) 1.95 .38
 Intercept 0.08 (0.09) −0.09 to 0.25
 Conference proceeding 0.22 (0.18) −0.13 to 0.57
 Thesis and dissertation −0.09 (0.21) −0.50 to 0.32
a

CAs: conversational agents.