| Solvent extraction (SE) |
Simple procedure; widely applicable |
Labor-intensive, use of organic solvents, time-consuming; safety risks due to toxic solvents; high waste production |
Mangosteen peel extract (50 mg mL−1) |
∼33 mg mL−1 of xanthone (α-mangostin >50%), acetone, 48 h |
Solvent polarity and extraction time |
76
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
∼67 mg kg−1 of the dry mass (mainly α-mangostin, followed by γ-mangostin) using EtOH/H2O: 70/30 |
Solvent type and concentration |
34
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
0.2 g pericarp powder, 2.4%–2.63% (w/w) α-mangostin, deep eutectic solvents, room temperature, 4 h |
Solvent type, temperature, and extraction time |
78 and 79
|
| Subcritical solvent extraction (SSE) |
Cost-effective, efficient, safe, selective, rapid, lower consumption of solvents, eco-friendly, thermolabile extracts, and combination with other methods |
Residual solvent and expensive operating equipment |
Mangosteen pericarp |
34 mg g−1 xanthones and 61 mg g−1 phenolics, 3 MPa, 180 °C, 150 min |
Pressure, temperature, extraction time, water as a solvent |
83
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
24.8 mg g−1 xanthones, 160 °C, 30% deep eutectic solvent |
Temperature and solvent percentages |
84
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
13.4, −22.8 mg g−1 xanthones, 120–160 °C, 10% deep eutectic solvent |
Temperature and solvent percentages |
84
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
27.1 mg g−1 xanthones, 160 °C, 5 MPa, 3 h |
Temperature, pressure, and extraction time |
84
|
| Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) |
Lower energy consumption, fewer amounts of conventional solvents are used/or further replaced with less environmentally harmful ones, eco-friendly, and highly efficient for the recovery of bioactive compounds |
High cost; CO2 cannot be utilized alone to dissolve polar solutes |
Garcinia mangostana pericarps |
4.5 × 10−7 M α-mangosteen, 40 °C, 10 MPa, xEtOH = 0.131 |
Temperature, pressure, cosolvent (EtOH) |
85
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
65.9% (w/w) xanthones, 7.56% yield, 60 °C, 300 bar |
Temperature, pressure, solvent/solid ratio |
86
|
| Mangosteen fruit rind Garcinia mangostana Linn |
22.8 mg g−1 xanthones, 32.7% α-mangostin, 313 K, 30 MPa |
Temperature, pressure, flow rate |
87
|
| Mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana) |
α-Mangostin >25% of total xanthones, 4% EtOH, 20 MPa, 40 °C |
EtOH %, pressure, temperature |
88
|
| Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) |
Less time-consuming, low consumption of solvent, and rapid transfer of energy especially for highly enriched antioxidant plant |
High cost of production, scaling challenges, and high energy which can affect the nature of the extract |
Mangosteen pericarp |
∼320.3 mgGAE g−1 phenolics, α-mangostin-rich, 25 mL g−1 solvent-to-solid ratio, 71% EtOH, 2.24 min |
Solvent-to-solid ratio, EtOH%, irradiation time |
89
|
| Mangosteen pericarp |
120.6 mg g−1 α-mangostin, 3.16 min, 189.2 W, 72.4% ethyl acetate |
Power, solvent%, time |
90
|
|
Garcinia mangostana L. rind |
46.6 mg α-mangostin eq. g−1 crude extract, 46.3 mgGAE g−1, 20 : 1 solvent-to-feed ratio, 9 min |
Solvent-to-feed ratio, time, no soaking |
91
|
| Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) |
High extraction yield, extract low-molecular-weight compounds, eco-friendly, low solvent consumption, and versatile |
Time-consuming; high process optimization required |
Mango leaves |
58.4 ± 1.2 mg g−1 mangiferin, 44% EtOH, 60 °C, 200 W |
EtOH%, temperature, ultrasonic power |
39
|
| Mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana Linn) |
α-Mangostin-rich, 25 °C, 10 MPa, 200 s, 20 kHz, xEtOH = 0.131 |
Temperature, pressure, frequency, EtOH% (w/CO2) |
92
|
