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. 2025 Nov 4;15(50):42771–42842. doi: 10.1039/d5ra06960b

Table 1. Aflatoxin detection in a variety of food samples using different sensing platforms.

S. No. Method Analyte Electrode modifier Linear range LOD Sample Ref.
1 CV and EIS AFB1 AP/Ti-MOFs-Pt/GCE 0.1–75 μg L−1 31 ng L−1 — 100
2 DPV AFB1 — 0.5 nM–4 μM 0.07 nM Cow milk 103
3 DPV AFB1 GCE/RGO/MoS2/PANI@AuNPs/Apt/MCH 0.01–1.0 fg mL−1 0.002 fg mL−1 Wine 104
4 DPV AFB1 APT/TDNs/3DOM MoS2-AuNPs 0.1 fg mL−1–0.1 μg mL−1 0.01 fg mL−1 Rice, wheat powder 105
5 DPV AFB1 AFB1-BSA/PANI-PAA/GSPEs 0.1–10 ng mL−1 0.086 ng mL−1 Maize flour 97
6 DPV AFB2 SPCE/PAM/PA/PDA/Apt 0.0001–100 ng mL−1 0.10 pg mL−1 Corn 106
7 DPV AFM1 Apt-modified SPGE 2–600 ng L−1 0.9 ng L−1 Milk and serum 107
8 EIS AFB1 Apt-Fe3O4@Au/SPCE 0.020–50 ng mL−1 15 pg mL−1 Peanuts 108
9 EIS AFM1 — 5–120 ng L−1 0.5 ng L−1 Milk 109
10 EIS AFM1 Anti-AFM1/Fc/SiNPs-PpPD/SPCE 10–500 fM 4.53 fM Milk 110
11 EIS and DPV AFB1 Fc-cDNA/pβ-CD/AuNPs/GC 0.0001–10 ng mL−1 (EIS) 0.001–10 ng mL−1 (DPV) 0.049 pg mL−1 (EIS) 0.511 pg mL−1 0.511 pg mL−1 (DPV) Peanut oil/94.5–106.7% 111
12 SWV AFB1 MBs/CdTe-cDNA1/Apt-SiO2@PbS 0.005–50 ng mL−1 4.5 pg mL−1 Peanuts 112
13 CV AFB1 BSA/anti-AFB1/GQD-AuNPs/ITO 0.1–3.0 ng mL−1 0.008 ng mL−1 Maize 87
14 CV AFB1 GO-PB-PTCNH2-AuNPs 0.01–100 ng mL−1 3.3 pg mL−1 Wheat 113
15 I-T AFB1 1–20 ng mL−1 0.13 ng mL−1 — 114
16 ECL AFM1 Apt-GMNP-GO-L-AgNPs 5–150 ng mL−1 0.01 ng mL−1 Milk 115
17 ECL AFM1 H1/Au NPs/PTCA/GCE 0.0004–400 ng mL−1 0.09 pg mL−1 Milk 116
18 ECL AFB1 Au-PEI@SiO2-AFB1-BSA 0.01–100 ng mL−1 0.0039 ng mL−1 Milk 117
19 ECL and EC AFB1 — 0.0001–100 ng mL−1 (ECL) 0.058 pg mL−1 (ECL) Peanut 118
0.0001–100 ng mL−1 (EC) 0.018 pg mL−1 (EC)
20 PEC AFB1 ITO/Zn–SnS2/N-GQDs/(EDC/NHS)/aptamer/DA 0.01–20 ng mL−1 3 ng mL−1 Milk 119
21 PEC AFB1 AuNPs-labeled DNA|aptamer|Ce–TiO2@MoSe2|ITO 0.03–200 ng mL−1 10 pg mL−1 Peanut 120
22 PEC AFB1 Au/AchE/TiO2NTs 1–6 nM 0.33 nM — 121
23 PEC AFB1 AFB1/Aptamer/erGO/P5Fin/Au/ITO 0.01–100 ng mL−1 2 pg mL−1 Peanuts, wheat 122
24 EIS AFB1 Ab-AFB1/BSA/AuNPs-PABA/RGO/GCE 0.01–1 ng mL−1 0.001 ng mL−1 Vegetable oil/unspiked 123
25 EIS AFB1 Ab-AFB1/BSA/AuNPs–COOH–GO/GCE 0.05–25 ng mL−1 0.05 ng mL−1 Rice/99–101% 124
26 CV AFB1 SA/Biotin Ab-AFB1/SPE 0.00005–5 ng mL−1 50 fg mL−1 Rice milk/unspiked 125
27 DPV AFB1 BSA/Ab-AFB1/Mn2O3/ITO 1 pg mL−1–10 μg mL−1 0.54 pg mL−1 Sweet corn/96–99% 126
28 DPV (indirect HRP) AFB1 Ab-AFB1/MWCNTs/Chi/SPCE 0.0001–10 ng mL−1 0.3 pg mL−1 Peanut/unspiked 127
29 CA (direct HRP) AFM1 Ab-AFM1/SWCNTs/PET 0.01–1 ng mL−1 0.02 ng mL−1 Milk/unispiked 128
30 PEC AFB1 CsPbBr3/TiO2/FTO 0.01–15 ng mL−1 2.8 pg mL−1 Peanut/90–104% corn/95–109% 129
31 PEC AFB1 CdS/CoOOH/FTO 0.01–10 ng mL−1 2.6 pg mL−1 Peanut/unspiked 130
32 DPV AFB1 Ab-AFB1/Fc/MWCNTs/Chi/SPCE 0.001–20000 ng mL−1 0.159 pg mL−1 Rice/94% 131
Peanut/102%
Corn/96%
33 EIS AFM1 Apt/Fc/SiNPs/PpPD/SPCE 3.3–165 fg mL−1 1.48 fg mL−1 Milk/unspiked 110
34 EIS AFM1 BSA/Apt/PtNPs/MIL-101(Fe)GCE 0.01–80.0 ng mL−1 0.002 ng mL−1 Milk/93–108% 132
35 EIS AFB1 MCH/MCH-Apt/AuNPs/BDD 0.03–3122.8 pg mL−1 0.017 pg mL−1 Peanut/96–109% 99
36 EIS AFB1 Apt/BSA/PS-COOH/PDDA-GN/GCE 0.001–0.1 ng mL−1 0.002 ng mL−1 Oil/98–103% 98
Soy sauce/95–102%
37 DPV (HRP) AFB1 DNA-AuNPs-HRP/Apt/cDNA/AuNPs/GCE 0.001–200 ng mL−1 0.33 pg mL−1 Peanut & corn 133
38 LSV (Au@Ag) AFB1 SPCE–CS–ccDNA/cDNA-AuNPs 0.05–100 ng mL−1 0.43 pg mL−1 Corn/93–98% 88
39 ACV AFB1 Fc-Apt/cDNA/AuNPs/THI-rGO/GCE 0.05–20 ng mL−1 0.016 ng mL−1 Peanut/87–112% 94
40 DPV (ALP) AFB1 SA-ALP/Biotin-Apt/AFB1-BSA/AuNPs-PANI/GSPE 0.1–10 ng mL−1 0.086 ng mL−1 Corn & maize flour 97
41 EIS or DPV AFB1 Apt/Cu2O-CQDs/GCE 3 ag mL−1–1.9 μg mL−1 0.9 ag mL−1 Wheat flour/97–104% 134
42 EIS AFB1 Fc-apt/THI-rGO/GCE 0.01–100 ng mL−1 0.01 ng mL−1 Peanut/94–116% 135
43 LSV AFB1 AuNPs-GQDs/SPE 0.03–15.6 ng mL−1 0.15 ng mL−1 Malted barley/76–190 102
44 EIS AFB2 ZnO-NPs/CS/PPy/AFB2 0.1–1000 fg mL−1 0.2 Fg mL−1 Milk 136
DPV ZnO-NPs/CS/AFB2 0.6 fg mL−1
45 PEC AFB1 CuO-g-C3N4/MIP 0.01 ng mL−1–1 μg mL−1 6.8 pg mL−1 Maize/99–106% 93
46 CV and EIS AFB1 AP/Ti-MOFs-Pt/GCE 0.1–75 μg mL−1 31 ng mL−1 Corn flour/96.05% 100
Rice/104.45%
47 DPV AFB1 BSA/Anti-AFB1/Mn2O3/ITO 1 pg mL−1–10 μg mL−1 0.54 pg mL−1 Sweet corn/98.6% 126
48 AFB1 CCM@ZIF-8/PDA/IgG 0.5 pg mL−1–10 ng mL−1 0.11 pg mL−1 Rice/86.65% 137
Wheat/105.20%
49 CV and EIS AFM1 AuNPs/rGO/PGE/aptamer 0.5–800 ng mL−1 0.3 ng mL−1 Milk 84
50 DPV AFB1 Aptamer/MCH/cDNA/PDA/MXene/MWCNTs/NiCo2O4/SGPGE 2.5–200 ng mL−1 1.89 ng mL−1 Maize flour/92.2% 138
Maize residue/109.8%
51 EIS AFB1 Anti-AFB1/NH2–Mo-MOF/Ti3C2 modified SPE 0.06–50 ng mL−1 8 pg mL−1 Pistachio 82
52 DPV AFB1 PS-BSA-Apt-Au/SSE 0.1–10 pg mL−1 0.016 pg mL−1 Wine/87.5% 89
Soy sauce/106.7%
53 EC AFB1 Fc-aDNA/Fc-Apt/MCH/sDNA/AuNPs/GCE 0.1–10000 pg mL−1 0.012 pg mL−1 Corn/96.7–102.9% 81
54 PEC AFB1 PDA@f-MWCNTs/TiO2-NTs 0.005–50 ng mL−1 1 pg mL−1 Groundnut and milk 85
55 EC AFB1 Apts/AuNPs-CNDs/GCE 0.01–100 ng mL−1 0.0052 ng mL−1 Corn flour/98.4–101.3% 96
56 CV AFB1 AuNPs/Zn/Ni-ZIF-8-800@graphene 0.18–100 ng mL−1 0.18 ng mL−1 Peanut oil 139
57 LSPR AFB1 AuNPs/Nb2CTx MXene 0–1000 nM 26.41 nM — 140
58 ELISA AFB1 CdTe/ZnS-Apt/MIP/PC 0.01–20 ng mL−1 4.0 pg mL−1 Edible oil/91.9–102.6% 92
59 FRET AFM1 AFM1APT/AFB1APT/C1/C2/C3 0.01–200 ng mL−1 6.24 pg mL−1 (Peanut/98–102.3% pure milk/98.4–105%) 141
AFB1 0.01–150 ng mL−1 9.0 pg mL−1 (peanut/99.4–103% pure milk/98.9–102.5%)