Table 3. Methods of fumonisins detection and their analytical parameters.

S. No.	Method	Analyte	Electrode modifier	Linear range	LOD	Samples/recovery	Ref.
1	DPV	FB1	Pt/(PPy/ZnP)/nanoMIPs	1 fM–10 pM	0.03 fM & 0.7 fM	Maize/96–102%	192
	EIS
2	DPV	FB1	Exo-I/Apt/cDNA/AuE	0.001–1000 ng mL−1	0.15 pg mL−1	Beer/upto 98.6%	204
	EIS					Corn/upto 106.8%
3	EIS	FB1	FB1/DNA/PGE	2.5–10 μg mL−1	3.69 ng mL−1	—	205
4	EC	FB1	—	10 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1	1.5 pg mL−1	Corn/85%	191
5	DPV	FB1	AuNPs-SE	1 ng L−1–1 mg L−1	0.08 ng L−1	Pork and beef/89.7–113.3%	206
6	DPV	FB1	Apt2-AuNRs-Fc/Apt1-AuNRs-Th/cDNA/AuE	1 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1	0.26 pg mL−1	Beer/89–102%	207
7	CV	FB1	—	50–400 μg L−1	84.17 μg L−1	Maize-based and baby foods	208
8	CV	FB1	ss-HSDNA/AuNPs/SPCE	0.5–500 ng mL−1	0.14 ng mL−1	Maize	209
9	ECL	FB1	FB1/DNA mix/Au NPs/ITO BPE	5 × 10−5–0.5 ng mL−1	0.67 pM	Maize/99.6–104.1%	195
						Peanut/99.2–110.6%
10	CV	FB1	GCE/Au-GO-Th/DNAA/FB1	1 × 10−11-1x10−4 g mL−1	10 pg mL−1	Corn	210
11	EC	FB1	Apt/MB/MCH/TDN/Au	0.500 fg mL−1–1.00 ng mL−1	0.306 fg mL−1	Rice/97.9–108%	192
12	EC	FB1	Ti3C2Tx/Au/l-Cys/anti- FB1	10 pg mL−1–1 μg mL−1	1.617 pg mL−1	Corn/102.9–103.8%	193
						Wheat/100.3–107.2%
13	EC	FB1	Silver/FB1/Au-aptamer/Fe3O4-capture DNA/GCE	10−3–10 ng mL−1	—	Corn/109–103.8%	211
14	EC	FB1	BSA/ab-FB1/GOMn3O4/ITO	1 pg mL−1–800 ng mL−1	0.195 pg mL−1	Sweet corn/98.91%	212
15	PEC	FB1	MIP/GO/CdS/CS/ITO	0.01–1000 ng mL−1	4.7 pg mL−1	Maize/94.03–102.97%	213
						Milk/94.61–105.81%
16	EC	FB1	—	10 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1	—	Corn/85%	214
17	CV	FB1	Anti- FB1/AuNPs/N-G@PANI@CS/GCE	0.50 ng mL−1–800 ng mL−1	0.07 ng mL−1	Corn/93.97–98.62%	203
	EIS
18	DPV	FB1	—	50 fg mL−1–100 ng mL−1	21 fg mL−1	Corn and wheat	198
19	CV	FB1	—	0.3–140 ppb	97 pg mL−1	Ground corn/88.6–95.8%	215
20	LC-MS/MS	FB1	cDNA-AuNR/aptamer-Cy5.5	10–250/500 pg mL−1	3/5 pg mL−1	Corn/92–107%	216
21	Ratiometric EC	FB1	FB1/TDN/MCH/cDNA/AuE	0.1–100 pg mL−1	0.087 pg mL−1	Rice powder/97.8–102%	217
22	DPV	FB1	MIP-F/ITO/PANI	1 pg mL−1–500 ng mL−1	0.322 pg mL−1	Corn/86.16–102.41%	218
23	EC	FB1	GCE/GDYO-MB-Au NRs/CdSe QDs	0.5 fg mL−1–10 pg mL−1	0.45 fg mL−1	Rice/95.4–97.6%	202
						Glutinous rice/96–100%
24	SERS	FB1	α FB1/4-ATP/Ag-pSi surface	0.1–1000 ppb	0.05 ppb	Maize/97.6–106.4%	201
						Onion/93.4–109.8%
						Wheat/93.3–107.4%
						Defatted milk/98.1–113.6%
25	FRET	FB1	FAM-F10/GO/FB1	0–3000 ng mL−1	14.42 ng mL−1	Corn/89.13–102.08%	200
26	ELONA	FB1	F10-com-hemin-CDs	0–100 ng mL−1	4.30 ng mL−1	Corn/97.5–99.23%	199
27	Fluorometry	FB1	—	0.01–100 ng L−1	0.003 ng L−1	Corn/106.6%	219
28	PEC	FB1	Apt/MnFe2O4/MCH/sDNA/Cu2.46Co0.54(HITP)2/GCE	0.1 pg mL−1–10 ng mL−1	65 fg mL−1	Corn/96.4–103%	220
						Flour/98.7–108%
29	ECL	FB1	FB1/Ag NPs/aptamer/MCH/capture DNA/Au	0.10 pg mL−1–10 ng mL−1	—	Corn/104.8–112.8%	197
						Peanut/90.9–112.1%