Table 9. Detection of pesticides, heavy metals, veterinary drug residues, and food additives by electrochemical methods.

Sr No.	Method	Analyte	Electrode modifier	Linear range	LOD	Sample/recovery	Ref.
1	DPV	Organophosphate pesticides (Ops)	TMB-MnNS-ATCh-AChE	0.1–20 ng mL−1	0.025 ng mL−1	Pakchoi/99.72–102.41%	417
2		Pesticides (Ops)		3–4000 ng mL−1	1.2 ng mL−1		418
3	EC	Crisquat	rGO@AgWO4/GCE	1–1108 μM	0.0661 μM		419
4		Imidacloprid (IMC) pesticide		10.80–195.50 μM	0.257 μM		420
5	EC	Monocrotophos pesticide	ZnONFs/rGO/Au	0.01–100 nM	0.01 nM		421
6	DPV	Paraquat	CuMOF/rGO/Au	0.30–5.00 μmol L−1	50.0 nmol L−1	River, tap water and human blood serum/98–104%	423
7	SWV	Imidacloprid (IMD)			0.97 μM	Environmental water/90.0–105.0%	424
8	EC	Carbendazium (CBZ)	N-CNHs/PEI-CNTs/GCE	15 nmol L−1–70 μmol L−1	4 nmol L−1	Water/87.33–117.67%	425
9	EC	Dichlorvos	ChOx/PBCBethaline-HNO3PTD/MWCNT/GCE	0.8–30 μM	1.59 nM	Orange juice/99.7–103.2%	459
10	CV	Profenofos	BSA/Apt/rGO-CuNPs/SPCE	0.01–100 nM	3 pM	River water/80–92%	460
		Phorate		1–1000 nM	300 pM
		Isocarbophos		0.1–1000 nM	30 pM
		Omethoate		1–500 nM	300 pM
11	CV	Diazinon (DZN)	DZN/thiolated aptamer/AuNPs/SPGEs	0.0304–304 ng mL−1	0.005 ng mL−1	Plasma of Male Wistar rat/96.0–99.30%	461
	EIS
12	SWV	Sulfentrazone (SFZ)	SPE-MWCNT	1.0–25 μmol L−1	0.8 μmol L−1	Soy milk/98.67%	462
						Groundwater/99.00%
13	Electrodeposition	Heavy metal ions (HMIs)	Mo-WO3/CC	0.1–100.0 μM	11.2–17.1 nM	—	429
14	d-μ-SPE	Heavy metal ions (Cd2+ and Pb2+)	—	0.3–90 μg L−1	0.09 ng mL−1	Food and soil	463
				6–120 μg L−1
					1.9 ng mL−1
15	SWASV	Cd(ii)	BCN-Nafion/GCE	1–150 μg L−1	0.41 μg L−1	Beta vulgaris var.Cicla L/101.56–104.81%	431
				2–150 μg L−1	0.93 μg L−1
		Pb(ii)
		(HMIs)
16	DPSV	HMIs				Milk/96.0–104.3%	432
17	CV	Zn2+	FGP/AuNC/GCE	6–7000 μg L−1	0.08 μg L−1	Peanut/98.5% (Zn2+), 105% (Cd2+), and 104% (Pb2+)	433
				4–6000 μg L−1	0.09 μg L−1	Rape bolt/94.5% (Zn2+), 105% (Cd2+), and 101% (Pb2+)
				6–5000 μg L−1	0.05 μg L−1	Tea/99.0% (Zn2+), 102% (Cd2+), and 102% (Pb2+)
	EIS	Cd2+
		Pb2+
18	CV	Cu2+	FGP/AuNC/GCE	4–4000 μg L−1	0.19 μg L−1	Peanut/104% (Cu2+) and 95.5% (Hg2+)	433
				6–5000 μg L−1	0.01 μg L−1
	EIS	Hg2+				Rape bolt/102%(Cu2+) and 104% (Hg2+)
						Tea/93.5%(Cu2+) and 101% (Hg2+)
19	DPV	Pb2+	p-PDMS@MSF/ITO			Fruit juice/	434
		Cd2+				Beverage/
20	EC	Cd2+	UiO-66-NH2@MWCNTs/GCE	0.5–170 μg L−1	0.2 μg L−1	Meat/95.1–107.5%	435
21	SWASV	Pb(ii)	rGO/MoS2/CS/GCE	0.005–0.05 μM	0.0016 μM	Tobacco leaves	436
22	SWASV	Pb(ii)	Fe2O3/Bi2O3/GCE	0.002–4 μM		Water and milk	437
		Cd(ii)
23	CV	Cd(ii)	UiO-66/Bi/GCE	10–50 μg L−1	1.16 μg L−1	Tap water/97% (Cd2+) and 105%(Pb2+)	438
	EIS	Pb(ii)			1.14 μg L−1	The Songhua river/93% (Cd2+) and 91%(Pb2+)
24	CV	Cd(ii)	UiO-66/Bi/GCE	20∼60 μg L−1	1.73 μg L−1	Tap water/96% (Cd2+) and 93%(Pb2+)	438
	EIS	Pb(ii)			1.00 μg L−1	The Songhua river/94% (Cd2+) and 95%(Pb2+)
25		Clozapine			2.8 nM		443
		Albendazole			2.5 nM
26	CV	Promethazine (PHZ)	MG@mSiO2-C18-HCM/MGCE	0.08–300 μmol L−1	9.8 nmol L−1	Beef/82.5–97.2%	444
	DPV					Beef liver/81.5–96.1%
27	LSV	Dimetridazole (DMZ)	PANI-Cu@BSA/rGO/SPCE	0.79–2057 μM	1.78 nM	Human blood serum/90.0–100.0%	445
						Rat blood serum/98.0–101.0%
						Egg/
						Egg/97.0–100%
28	CV	Furaltadone (FTD)	ASPCE/CuCoO2	0.1–316 μM	1.79 nM	Antibiotic 1/90–93%	446
	DPV
29	CV	Tetracycline (TC)	BiC@Au@Apta/AuE	0.001–100 μM	2.92 nM	Tap water/97.52–125.18	464
						Milk/78.73–103.80
	EIS
	DPV
30	Fluorescent	Tetracycline (TC)	—	0.1–100 μM	0.23 μM	Antibiotics	465
31	SERS	Tetracycline (TC)	CoNi-ZIFs@Ag@NF	10−10–10−5 M	1.0 × 10−11 M	—/94.45–114.25%	466
32	DPV	Dimetridazole (DMZ)	Mn–SnO@rGO/GCE	0.009–1291 μM	2.0 μM	Milk and egg	467
33	DPV	Dimetridazole (DMZ)	Se–Co3O4@GO-NC/GCE	0.02–83.72 μM	3.4 nM	Milk/98.5%	468
						Pigeon egg/99.6%
						Pigeon meat/100.4%
34	DPV	Dimetridazole (DMZ)	DM/Nd2Sn2O7/GCE	0.01–1453 μM	6.0 nM	Human blood serum and human urine	469
35	CV	Vanillin	La2NiO4/f-CNF/GCE		6 nM	Chocolate/	453
	DPV					Ice cream/
36	CV	Vanillin	f-MWCNTs-FNTs/CPE	5 × 10−8–9 × 10−6 mol L−1	3.4 × 10−8 mol L−1	Sugar/100–107%	454
37	DPV	Vanillin	g-C3N4 NTs@MoS2/GCE	0.005–458.9 μM	4 nM	—	455
38	CV	Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ)	Co3O4 NRs/FCB/SPCE		1 nM	Beef tallow/	457
						Peanut oil/
						Lake water/
	DPV
39	DPV	Ractopamine (RAC)	Bi2Te3/g-C3N4 BNs/GCEs	0.015–456.4 μM	1.07 nM	Pork, beef, and chicken	458
	EIS
	CV
40	DPV	Sunset yellow	MnO2 NRs/GO/SPGE	0.01–115.0 μM	0.008 μM	Apple juice and orange juice/97.3–104.6%	470
	CV
	LSV