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. 2025 Oct 23;8:1496580. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1496580

Table 7.

Thematic evolution.

From To Weighted inclusion index Inclusion index Occurrences Stability index
Anomaly detection—2005–2015 Anomaly detection—2016–2020 1.00 1.00 5 0.11
Anomaly detection—2005–2015 Computer crime—2016–2020 0.17 0.17 2 0.07
Anomaly detection—2005–2015 Deep learning—2016–2020 0.10 0.11 2 0.04
Boosting—2005–2015 Machine-learning—2016–2020 0.33 0.33 2 0.05
Decision tree—2005–2015 Random forest—2016–2020 1.00 1.00 2 0.50
Machine-learning—2005–2015 Computer security–2016–2020 1.00 1.00 4 0.08
Machine-learning—2005–2015 Machine-learning—2016–2020 0.70 0.08 23 0.04
Machine-learning—2005–2015 Social engineering—2016–2020 0.13 0.33 3 0.07
Accuracy—2016–2020 Security—2021–2025 0.67 0.50 4 0.06
Anomaly detection—2016–2020 Anomaly detection—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 2 0.20
Bot—2016–2020 Bot—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 8 1.00
Computer crime—2016–2020 Convolution neural network—2021–2025 0.17 0.25 2 0.11
Computer crime—2016–2020 Deep neural network—2021–2025 0.17 0.50 2 0.14
Computer security—2016–2020 Security—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 2 0.06
Convolution neural network—2016–2020 Convolution neural network—2021–2025 0.64 0.33 9 0.17
Cyberattack—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 3 0.03
Cybercrime—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 5 0.03
Deep learning—2016–2020 Anomaly detection—2021–2025 0.14 0.20 7 0.04
Deep learning—2016–2020 LSTM—2021–2025 0.09 0.33 3 0.05
Deep learning—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.73 0.05 32 0.02
Deep learning—2016–2020 Security—2021–2025 0.02 0.06 2 0.03
Detection—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 5 0.03
Ensemble—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.57 0.50 4 0.03
LSTM—2016–2020 LSTM—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 2 0.33
Machine-learning—2016–2020 Blockchains—2021–2025 0.07 0.25 6 0.05
Machine-learning—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.84 0.06 120 0.02
Machine-learning—2016–2020 Security—2021–2025 0.05 0.06 9 0.03
Mobile phishing—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.18 0.25 2 0.03
Random forest—2016–2020 Convolution neural network—2021–2025 0.46 0.50 6 0.20
Random forest—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.54 0.50 7 0.03
Social engineering—2016–2020 Security—2021–2025 0.74 0.33 14 0.06
Social media—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.71 0.50 5 0.03
Web security—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 0.78 0.50 7 0.03
XGBoost—2016–2020 Machine-learning—2021–2025 1.00 1.00 3 0.03