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. 2025 Oct 23;15:1660032. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1660032

Table 2.

EAPC of age-standardized DALYs rates of lower respiratory infection due to particulate matter pollution in 5 SDI and 21 GBD regions.

Characteristics EAPC of age-standardized DALY rates (95% CI) due to
Particulate matter pollution Household air pollution from solid fuels Ambient particulate matter pollution
Global -2.32 (-2.39–2.25) -2.5 (-2.6–2.41) -1.63 (-1.93–1.34)
Female -2.18 (-2.24–2.12) -2.36 (-2.47–2.26) -1.45 (-1.73–1.17)
Male -2.48 (-2.58–2.38) -2.67 (-2.77–2.56) -1.82 (-2.13–1.51)
Low SDI -1.93 (-2.01–1.84) -2.11 (-2.2–2.01) -0.62 (-0.88–0.35)
Low-middle SDI -2.28 (-2.43–2.14) -3.05 (-3.28–2.82) 0.15 (-0.17-0.48)
Middle SDI -7.22 (-7.48–6.96) -10.65 (-10.94–10.36) -3.69 (-3.96–3.4)
High-middle SDI -8.45 (-9.02–7.88) -17.94 (-18.79–17.09) -5.02 (-5.42–4.62)
High SDI -3.03 (-3.19–2.87) -17.97 (-18.59–17.35) -2.63 (-2.73–2.54)
East Asia -10.99 (-11.51–10.46) -14.42 (-15.12–13.72) -5.59 (-5.95–5.22)
Southeast Asia -2.29 (-2.37–2.21) -3.4 (-3.62–3.17) 0.29 (0.1-0.48)
Oceania -0.11 (-0.15–0.07) -0.19 (-0.22–0.15) 0.71 (0.48-0.95)
Central Asia -2.6 (-3.04–2.15) -4.37 (-5.19–3.53) -0.18 (-0.56-0.21)
Central Europe -5.56 (-5.74–5.37) -12.13 (-12.77–11.48) -3.5 (-3.72–3.27)
Eastern Europe -9.51 (-10.07–8.93) -14.52 (-15.71–13.32) -9.01 (-9.59–8.43)
High-income Asia Pacific -1.28 (-1.64–0.91) -12.97 (-14.25–11.66) -1.22 (-1.58–0.86)
Australasia -0.26 (-0.59-0.08) -10.33 (-11.01–9.65) -0.2 (-0.53-0.13)
Western Europe -2.95 (-3.07–2.84) -10.66 (-11.31–10) -2.94 (-3.05–2.82)
Southern Latin America -1.82 (-2.11–1.54) -10.18 (-10.57–9.79) -0.68 (-0.95–0.42)
High-income North America -2.71 (-2.85–2.58) -5.77 (-6.02–5.52) -2.71 (-2.85–2.57)
Caribbean -0.55 (-0.72–0.38) -0.68 (-0.86–0.5) -0.01 (-0.2-0.19)
Andean Latin America -6.77 (-7.05–6.49) -8.89 (-9.16–8.62) -5.59 (-6.02–5.16)
Central Latin America -8.14 (-8.44–7.84) -7.76 (-7.91–7.6) -8.43 (-8.87–7.99)
Tropical Latin America -4.45 (-4.57–4.33) -7.55 (-7.74–7.36) -2.03 (-2.15–1.91)
North Africa and Middle East -1.62 (-1.96–1.28) -3.81 (-4.3–3.32) -1.2 (-1.57–0.83)
South Asia -2.72 (-2.83–2.6) -3.45 (-3.67–3.23) 0.12 (-0.23-0.48)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa -3.84 (-4.14–3.54) -3.99 (-4.32–3.66) -2.43 (-2.59–2.27)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa -2.03 (-2.09–1.97) -2.12 (-2.18–2.06) -0.65 (-0.86–0.43)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa -1.5 (-1.61–1.4) -2.04 (-2.15–1.92) -0.42 (-0.52–0.31)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa -2.06 (-2.16–1.97) -2.35 (-2.48–2.22) -0.96 (-1.3–0.62)