Fig. 31.

(A) 3D printing of a CS ink created using an acidic mixture and partially solidified through solvent evaporation. (b) (i) Photograph showing a 30-layer 3D printing of CS scaffold using a 100 μm micronozzle, and (ii) Photograph of a 10-layer CS scaffold fabricated with a 100 μm micronozzle and folded by a tweezer. (c) Representation of the neutralization process, leading to physical gelation through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding to form a CS hydrogel scaffold [245]. Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons.