| Study |
Bias due to confounding/randomization (selection bias) |
Bias in intervention/deviations (performance bias) |
Bias due to missing data |
Bias in measurement of the outcome/detection bias |
| Barsuk et al., 2009 [5] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Conlon et al., 2014 [6] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Norman et al., 2012 [7] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Yang et al., 2019 [8] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Goolsby et al., 2014 [9] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Massoth et al., 2019 [10] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Lefor et al., 2020 [4] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| McCoy et al., 2019 [11] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Kodikara et al., 2019 [12] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Feinstein et al., 2001 [13] |
Unclear |
High |
Low |
Moderate |
| Armenia et al., 2018 [14] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Adler et al., 2007 [15] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Price et al., 2010 [16] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Arcoraci et al., 2019 [17] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Holling et al., 2015 [18] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Nicolaides et al., 2020 [19] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Swamy et al., 2014 [20] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Cavuoto Petrizzo et al., 2019 [21] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Pawłowicz et al., 2020 [22] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Cortegiani et al., 2015 [23] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Littlewood et al., 2013 [24] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Denadai et al., 2014 [25] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Choi and Wong, 2019 [26] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Heitz et al., 2009 [27] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Gauthier et al., 2019 [28] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Nimbalkar et al., 2015 [29] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Harris et al., 2014 [30] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Alluri et al., 2016 [31] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Couto et al., 2015 [32] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Yu et al., 2021 [33] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Pal et al., 2024 [34] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Offenbacher et al., 2022 [35] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Saha et al., 2025 [36] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Moliterno et al., 2024 [37] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Ajab et al., 2022 [38] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Zargaran et al., 2022 [39] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Bernardi et al., 2019 [40] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Coolen et al., 2012 [41] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| Meyers et al., 2020 [42] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Morgan et al., 2006 [43] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Muniandy et al., 2015 [44] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Nachiappan et al., 2020 [45] |
Moderate |
Low |
Low |
Moderate |
| Naylor and Torres, 2019 [46] |
Low |
High |
Low |
Low |
| Scholz et al., 2012 [47] |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
