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. 2025 Oct 27;16:1666167. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1666167

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Copyright © 2025 Wang, Liu, Chen, Liu, Zhang, Wang, Meng and Dong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram of a cellular signaling pathway for antiviral response. It shows a virus interacting with cellular receptors (TfR1, APN, EGFR) and initiating downstream signaling via TLR3 and TRIF/TRAF3. This leads to activation of IRF3 and IRF7, promoting Type I IFN production. IFN receptors engage JAK1 and TYK2, activating STATs, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, resulting in ISG activation and antiviral protein production. Arrows indicate the flow of signaling. — TLR3 upregulates IFN-α/β expression and induces AVP synthesis activity by recognizing dsRNA. The TLR3-mediated signaling pathway includes the TRIF-dependent NF-κB and IRF3/7 pathways. TRIF interacts with TRAF3 to elicit a cascade of reactions to induce the production of IFNs-1.