Table 1.

Vaccines against highly virulent PEDV.

Vaccine	Immune induction	Protection efficiency	References
PEDV-S mRNA-LNP vaccine	PEDV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses.	Protected immunized piglets against the PEDV AH2012/12 strain	Kirchdoerfer et al. (2021) and Zhao et al. (2024)
Trimeric full-length S protein subunit vaccine	High levels of S-specific IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies; increased expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-4.	Reduced intestinal pathological damage in immunized piglets infected with AH2012/12	Guo et al. (2024)
Recombinant rAJ1102-S2′JS2008 Vaccine	Induced neutralizing antibodies	Protected pigs from G1 and G2 PEDV infections.	Niu and Wang (2022) and Li M. et al. (2023)
PLGA-KAg	Improved lymphocyte proliferation responses, IFN-γ levels, and PEDV-specific IgG and IgA antibody titers	Provided protective immunity against PEDV AH2012/12 strain infection in suckling piglets.	Li et al. (2017)
A flagellin -adjuvanted inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine	Elicited high levels of IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies	Conferred protective immunity to piglets against PEDV strain AH2012/12 infection.	Xu X. et al. (2020)
PEDV VLPs with CCL25/28	Modulated the immune responses by enhancing systemic anti-PEDV S-specific IgG, mucosal IgA, and cell immunity	Alleviated clinical signs in piglets infected with PEDVPT-P7.	Hsu et al. (2020) and Lu et al. (2020)