Table 4. Cost analysis with specific financial metrics.

Cost component	Conventional batch ($/dose)	Modular continuous ($/dose)	Savings (%)
Raw materials	1.85–2.30	1.20–1.65	35–40
Labor	0.45–0.60	0.18–0.28	55–65
Equipment/facility	0.65–0.85	0.35–0.50	40–45
Quality control	0.25–0.35	0.15–0.22	35–40
Total COGS	3.20–4.10	1.88–2.65	40–60

COGS, cost of goods sold.