. 2025 Nov 10;22:135. doi: 10.1186/s12986-025-01036-6

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics for outcome measurements at baseline and follow-up visits

	Mean (SD)	Change between v(SD)	p-value¹
Glucose measurements
HbA1c	5.22 (0.28)	5.26 (0.52)	0.04 (0.46)	0.35
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) Missing, n(%)	90.41 (7.55) 0	95.32 (16.61) 1 (1.2%)	5.04 (15.0)	0.003
Two-Hour Glucose (mg/dL) Missing, n (%)	119.0 (26.4) 0	121.3 (35.0) 4 (4.7%)	3.1 (31.8)	0.39
Glucose AUC Missing, n (%)	263.1 (45.0) 0	270.5 (45.1) 4 (4.7%)	10.7 (39.8)	0.02
Insulin measurements
Fasting Insulin (µIU/mL) Missing, n (%)	9.6 (8.6) 12 (14.1%)	13.3 (11.2) 0	4.56 (13.1)	0.02
Two-Hour Insulin (µIU/mL) Missing, n (%)	57.2 (49.6) 28 (32.9%)	88.3 (128.5) 0	24.6 (81.0)	0.03
Insulin AUC Missing, n (%)	129.6 (82.3) 34 (40.0%)	186.5 (176.9) 3 (3.5%)	60.7 (157.0)	0.01
HOMA- Missing, n (%)	100.0 (63.2) 34 (40.0%)	151.4 (120.3) 1 (1.2%)	59.2 (139.0)	0.004
HOMA-IR Missing, n (%)	1.7 (1.2) 34 (40.0%)	3.4 (3.7) 1 (1.2%)	2.1 (4.2)	0.001
Matsuda Index Missing, n (%)	5.9 (3.6) 34 (40.0%)	4.3 (2.8) 6 (7.1%)	−1.9 (2.9)	0.009
Body composition
BMI (kg/m²) Missing, n (%)	30.1 (5.0) 0 (0%)	31.8 (7.0) 0 (0%)	1.75 (4.3)	< 0.001
Body Fat Percent Missing, n (%)	35.2 (8.1) 0 (0%)	38.3 (8.4) 2 (2.4%)	3.1 (4.7)	< 0.001
Android/Gynoid Ratio Missing, n (%)	0.99 (0.14) 46 (54.1%)	1.01 (0.15) 2 (2.4%)	0.015 (0.085)	0.47
Fat Mass/Height² Missing, n (%)	10.6 (3.7) 46 (54.1%)	12.2 (4.8) 2 (2.4%)	1.6 (2.1)	< 0.001
VAT mass (g) Missing, n (%)	506.4 (197.8) 46 (54.1%)	594.3 (301.4) 2 (2.4%)	80.5 (137.0)	0.06
Dichotomous outcomes, n (%)
Type 2 Diabetes No Diabetes Prediabetes/T2D	61 (71.76) 24 (28.24)	53 (62.35) 32 (37.65)		0.17
IFG Normal Abnormal Missing	80 (94.12) 5 (5.88) 0	68 (80.00) 16 (18.82) 1 (1.18)		0.003
IGT Normal Abnormal Missing	69 (81.18) 16 (18.82) 0	66 (77.64) 15 (17.65) 4 (4.71)		0.82

Mean (SD)

Change between v(SD)

p-value¹

Baseline

Follow-up

Glucose measurements

HbA1c

5.22 (0.28)

5.26 (0.52)

0.04 (0.46)

0.35

Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)

Missing, n(%)

90.41 (7.55)

95.32 (16.61)

1 (1.2%)

5.04 (15.0)

0.003

Two-Hour Glucose (mg/dL)

Missing, n (%)

119.0 (26.4)

121.3 (35.0)

4 (4.7%)

3.1 (31.8)

0.39

Glucose AUC

Missing, n (%)

263.1 (45.0)

270.5 (45.1)

4 (4.7%)

10.7 (39.8)

0.02

Insulin measurements

Fasting Insulin (µIU/mL)

Missing, n (%)

9.6 (8.6)

12 (14.1%)

13.3 (11.2)

4.56 (13.1)

0.02

Two-Hour Insulin (µIU/mL)

Missing, n (%)

57.2 (49.6)

28 (32.9%)

88.3 (128.5)

24.6 (81.0)

0.03

Insulin AUC

Missing, n (%)

129.6 (82.3)

34 (40.0%)

186.5 (176.9)

3 (3.5%)

60.7 (157.0)

0.01

HOMA- Inline graphic

Missing, n (%)

100.0 (63.2)

34 (40.0%)

151.4 (120.3)

1 (1.2%)

59.2 (139.0)

0.004

HOMA-IR

Missing, n (%)

1.7 (1.2)

34 (40.0%)

3.4 (3.7)

1 (1.2%)

2.1 (4.2)

0.001

Matsuda Index

Missing, n (%)

5.9 (3.6)

34 (40.0%)

4.3 (2.8)

6 (7.1%)

−1.9 (2.9)

0.009

Body composition

BMI (kg/m²)

Missing, n (%)

30.1 (5.0)

0 (0%)

31.8 (7.0)

0 (0%)

1.75 (4.3)

< 0.001

Body Fat Percent

Missing, n (%)

35.2 (8.1)

0 (0%)

38.3 (8.4)

2 (2.4%)

3.1 (4.7)

< 0.001

Android/Gynoid Ratio

Missing, n (%)

0.99 (0.14)

46 (54.1%)

1.01 (0.15)

2 (2.4%)

0.015 (0.085)

0.47

Fat Mass/Height²

Missing, n (%)

10.6 (3.7)

46 (54.1%)

12.2 (4.8)

2 (2.4%)

1.6 (2.1)

< 0.001

VAT mass (g)

Missing, n (%)

506.4 (197.8)

46 (54.1%)

594.3 (301.4)

2 (2.4%)

80.5 (137.0)

0.06

Dichotomous outcomes, n (%)

Type 2 Diabetes

No Diabetes

Prediabetes/T2D

61 (71.76)

24 (28.24)

53 (62.35)

32 (37.65)

0.17

IFG

Normal

Abnormal

Missing

80 (94.12)

5 (5.88)

68 (80.00)

16 (18.82)

1 (1.18)

0.003

IGT

Normal

Abnormal

Missing

69 (81.18)

16 (18.82)

66 (77.64)

15 (17.65)

4 (4.71)

0.82

¹p-values were calculated using paired t-tests and McNemar’s test for Type 2 Diabetes, IFG and IGT

*Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; AUC: Area Under the Curve; HOMA- Inline graphic : homeostatic model assessment of-cell function; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance