Table 3.

Natural Products Treats AR by Interfering with the MAPK Signalling Pathway

Natural Products	Causality	Subjects	Dose	Mechanisms of Action	References
Bergapten	Furanocoumarins	BALB/c mice	10mg/kg/d, 30mg/kg/d	IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, IgE↓, IgG1 ↓, STAT3↓, MAPK↓, IL-12↑, INF-γ↑, IL-4↓, IL-5↓, IL-13↓	[112]
Chlorogenic acid	Phenylpropanoid	BALB/c mice, RAW264.7 cell	15mgkg/d	NO↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, Tlr4↓, p-p38MAPK↓, p-p65NF-κB↓, p-IκB↓,	[113]
Hyperforin	Flavonol glycosides	Human nasal epithelial cells(HNEpCs)	0.1μM/d, 1μM/d, 10μM/d	p38 MAPK/CCL11↓	[114]
Paeoniflorin	Monoterpene bicyclic glycosides	BALB/c mice	10mg/kg/d, 20mg/kg/d	p38 MAPK↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, caspase-1↓, Histamine↓	[115]
Ursolic acid	Triterpenoids	BALB/c mice	150mg/mL/d, 300mg/mL/d	MAPK↓, ERK↓, IL-17↓, IL-33↓, TNF-α↓	[116]
Asarum sieboldii Miq. essential oil extract	Methyl eugenol	BALB/c mice	20μM/d	TNF-α↓, IL-4↓, IL-13↓, ROS↓, claudin-1↓, occludin↓, mitochondria↓, eosinophil↓, neutrophil↓, macrophage↓	[117]
Capsaicin	Capsaicinoids	BALB/c mice	25μg/mL/d, 50μg/mL/d, 75μg/mL/d, 100μg/mL/d	IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, NO↓, EPK1/2↓, p65↓, macrophage↓	[118]
(2′S,7′S)-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-columbianetin	Flavonoids	HMC-1 cell, BALB/c mice	10μg/mL/d	L-1β↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓, TNF-α↓, ERK↓, JNK↓, p38MAPK↓, IκB-α↓, NF-κB↓, Histamine↓, caspase-1↓, MIP-2↓, ICAM-1↓, IFN-γ↑	[119]

Notes: ↑ represents upregulation, ↓ represents downregulation.