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. 2025 Nov 11;25:459. doi: 10.1186/s12880-025-01972-y

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A 78-year-old woman who underwent follow-up CT two months after the right frontal lobe hemorrhage and anterior communicating artery (ACom) aneurysmal coiling. (a) Bright and dark streak metal artifacts severely obscured visualization of right frontal lobe lesion - a chronic sequela of the prior hemorrhage (arrowhead). (b) The NMAR method reduces metal artifacts close to the coil but introduces the most new artifacts than other algorithms, new artifacts can obscure the right frontal lobe lesion (arrowhead). (c) The O-MAR method reduces metal artifacts close to the coil but also introduces new artifacts, wherein the right frontal lobe lesion (arrowhead) is obscured by dark streak artifacts, which may lead to missed diagnosis. (d) The PISC method significantly reduces metal artifacts; the boundary of the right frontal lesion (arrowhead) is clear, the pons and cerebellar soft tissues are clearly displayed, and avoids introducing new artifacts. (e) The CNN-MAR method reduces metal artifacts. However, the effect of reducing metal artifacts is no more than the PISC method and degrades the density inside the metal coil (f) The DuDoNet method significantly reduces metal artifacts compared with O-MAR, but produces undesirable over-smoothing and blurring effect; the right frontal low-density lesion was removed