TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
IL	interleukin
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Akt	protein kinase B
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
ROS	reactive oxygen species
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
FoxO3a	forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a)
RCE	Rosa canina extract
p-PI3K	phosphorylated-PI3K
p-Akt	phosphorylated-Akt
p-mTOR	phosphorylated-mTOR
p70S6K	70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase
p-p70S6K	phosphorylated-p70S6K
4EBP1	4E-binding protein 1
p-4EBP1	phosphorylated-4EBP1
DMEM	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
FBS	fetal bovine serum
CON	mice received no surgery and were supplemented with saline
IMM	mice received immobilization surgery and were supplemented with saline
RCL	mice received immobilization surgery and were orally administered RCE at 200 mg/kg/day
RCH	mice received immobilization surgery and were orally administered RCE at 400 mg/kg/day
GA	gastrocnemius
SOL	soleus
TA	tibialis anterior
EDL	extensor digitorum longus
H&E	hematoxylin & eosin
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
RT-PCR	Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
SDS-PAGE	sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
TBS-T	Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20
ECL	enhanced chemiluminescence
SEM	standard error of the mean
ANOVA	one-way analysis of variance
SOD	superoxide dismutase
GPX	glutathione peroxidase
MTT	thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
MyoD	myogenic differentiation 1
MHC	myosin heavy chain
MuRF1	muscle ring finger 1
Atrogin-1	muscle atrophy F-box
CSA	cross-sectional area