Table 2.
Linear regressions predicting bilingual language outcomes over time.
| Variable | B | SE | β | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predicting Time 2 English phonological awareness | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.02 | 0.03 | .23 | .424 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | 0.01 | 0.04 | .03 | .855 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.03 | 0.03 | .20 | .221 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.03 | 0.03 | .14 | .397 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | −0.01 | 0.03 | −.06 | .627 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | −0.002 | 0.03 | −.01 | .953 |
| Age in months | −0.003 | 0.002 | −.16 | .226 |
| Male | 0.12 | 0.05 | .29** | .009 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.78 | 0.10 | .88*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 English vocabulary | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.02 | 0.01 | .27* | .032 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | 0.01 | 0.01 | .18 | .243 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.01 | 0.01 | −.14 | .310 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.002 | 0.01 | .03 | .843 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | 0.01 | 0.01 | .12 | .235 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | 0.01 | 0.01 | .07 | .492 |
| Age in months | 0.000 | 0.001 | −.02 | .825 |
| Male | −0.003 | 0.01 | −.02 | .809 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.55 | 0.11 | .62*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 English morphological awareness | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.001 | 0.03 | .004 | .979 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | −0.01 | 0.04 | −.03 | .864 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.03 | 0.03 | −.16 | .361 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.02 | 0.04 | −.08 | .649 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | 0.02 | 0.03 | .07 | .572 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | −0.01 | 0.03 | −.04 | .777 |
| Age in months | 0.003 | 0.002 | .15 | .304 |
| Male | −0.04 | 0.05 | −.09 | .433 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.65 | 0.14 | .59*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 English syntactical awareness | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.04 | 0.02 | .24 | .116 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | 0.04 | 0.04 | .19 | .319 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.03 | 0.03 | .19 | .248 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.03 | 0.03 | .16 | .319 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | 0.02 | 0.02 | .08 | .494 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | 0.02 | 0.03 | .08 | .487 |
| Age in months | 0.001 | 0.002 | .05 | .661 |
| Male | −0.03 | 0.04 | −.07 | .529 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.64 | 0.11 | .71*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 Spanish phonological awareness | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.04 | 0.04 | .15 | .378 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | 0.04 | 0.07 | .12 | .589 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.02 | 0.05 | .06 | .756 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.08 | 0.06 | .25 | .208 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | −0.10 | 0.05 | −.28* | .043 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | 0.04 | 0.05 | .10 | .444 |
| Age in months | −0.01 | 0.004 | −.19 | .203 |
| Male | 0.03 | 0.08 | .05 | .708 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.69 | 0.13 | .73*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 Spanish vocabulary | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.04 | 0.01 | .46*** | < .001 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | −0.02 | 0.02 | −.13 | .376 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | 0.03 | 0.01 | .33* | .014 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.04 | 0.02 | −.32* | .015 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | 0.002 | 0.01 | .02 | .848 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | −0.04 | 0.01 | −.30** | .003 |
| Age in months | 0.00 | 0.001 | −.01 | .956 |
| Male | −0.02 | 0.02 | −.10 | .228 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.73 | 0.11 | .65*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 Spanish morphological awareness | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.03 | 0.03 | .14 | .359 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | 0.03 | 0.04 | .13 | .485 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.03 | 0.03 | −.18 | .265 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.02 | 0.04 | −.07 | .676 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | −0.04 | 0.03 | −.15 | .201 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | −0.06 | 0.03 | −.20 | .091 |
| Age in months | −0.003 | 0.003 | −.17 | .216 |
| Male | 0.001 | 0.05 | .002 | .984 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.56 | 0.11 | .67*** | < .001 |
| Predicting Time 2 Spanish syntactical awareness | ||||
| Time 1 teacher-reported English experience | 0.02 | 0.02 | .08 | .429 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported English experience | −0.01 | 0.03 | −.05 | .717 |
| Time 1 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.02 | 0.02 | −.10 | .414 |
| Time 2 teacher-reported Spanish experience | −0.03 | 0.03 | −.13 | .255 |
| Time 1 child-reported relative English experience | −0.04 | 0.02 | −.14 | .106 |
| Time 2 child-reported relative English experience | −0.07 | 0.03 | −.22* | .011 |
| Age in months | −0.001 | 0.002 | −.05 | .621 |
| Male | −0.03 | 0.04 | −.06 | .470 |
| Time 1 skill | 0.78 | 0.09 | .74*** | < .001 |
Note. English-language experience and Spanish-language experience in school were reported by teachers; relative English experience was reported by children.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.