TABLE 1.
Clinical trials accompanied by various biomarkers in GC.
| Biomarker | Type | Upregulation/downregulation | No. of patients | Location for sampling | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HSPA6 | Autosomal-recessive candidate protein | Upregulated | 166 | Tissue (gene) | Zhang et al. (2023b) |
| ANXA11 | Calcium (Ca2+)-regulated phospholipid-binding proteins | Upregulated | 255 subjects in two stages | Urine | Fan et al. (2022) |
| CDC42 | Cell division control protein 42 of the Rho family of GTPases | Upregulated | 255 subjects in two stages | Urine | Fan et al. (2022) |
| NAPA | Protein-coding genes | Upregulated | 255 subjects in two stages | Urine | Fan et al. (2022) |
| FAP | A type 2 membrane-bound glycoprotein | Upregulated | 56 normal samples and 60 GC samples | Differentially expressed gene | Li et al. (2022) |
| SERPINH1/HSP47 | Serpin that serves as a human chaperone protein for collagen | Upregulated | 56 normal samples and 60 GC samples | Differentially expressed gene | Li et al. (2022) |
| HAMP (hepcidin antimicrobial peptide) | Polypeptide hormone | Upregulated | 53 patients | GC cells and tissues | Yang et al. (2022) |
| Cystatin B (CSTB) | A protein structure encoded by the CSTB gene | Downregulated | 31 healthy individuals and 31 GC (adenocarcinoma) patients | Saliva | Koopaie et al. (2022) |
| Deleted in malignant brain tumor 1 (DMBT1) | A tumor-inhibiting gene | Upregulated | 31 healthy individuals and 31 GC (adenocarcinoma) patients | Saliva | Koopaie et al. (2022) |
| Nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) | lncRNA | Downregulated | 21 control samples and 111 GC samples | Gene | Azadeh et al. (2022) |
| N6-methyladenosine-related lncRNAs | Internal modification in RNA | Upregulated | RNA sequence transcriptome data of 88 Asian GC patients 23 m6A-related genes were extracted from the TCGA database |
Tissue (gene) | Xu et al. (2022) |
| 8 circular RNAs (circRNAs) | Circulating non-coding RNAs | Upregulated | Two independent datasets (GSE89143 and GSE83521). All expression profiling data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A pilot cohort of 28 matched GC and adjacent normal mucosal (ANM) tissues. The training cohort consisted of 92 patients with GC and 46 endoscopically negative patients (non-disease controls) enrolled at Kumamoto University, Japan, between 2010 and 2015. The second validation cohort consisted of serum specimens from 102 GC patients and 48 non-disease control subjects enrolled at the Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan, between 2006 and 2017. Independent cohort of 24 GC patients from March 2017 to March 2018 at Nagoya University, Japan. | Serum | Roy et al. (2022) |
| PRTN3 | A serine protease enzyme expressed mainly in neutrophil granulocytes encoded by the PRTN3 gene | Upregulated | 25 patients with early GC, 25 patients with progressive GC, and 25 control individuals with chronic gastritis | Tissue sample | Guo et al. (2023) |