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. 2025 Nov 13;15:39780. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23545-3

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Phage Premi pH stability and anti-biofilm activity. A) Premi stability was measured when exposed to pH 2 to 12 for three hours. B) P. mirabilis biofilm formation in plastic dishes as measured by the crystal violet assay after treatment with serial dilutions of phage Premi starting at a concentration of 2x10¹⁰PFU. ANOVA tests with statistically significant reduction compared to the negative control are marked **** for p ≤ 0.0001.