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. 2025 Nov 13;15:39873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23748-8

Table 13.

FCHEV optimization results for UDDS and WLTP Class3 driving cycles.

UDDS WLTP Class3
Non-optimized Sizing EMS Sizing + EMS Non-optimized Sizing EMS Sizing + EMS
S-FC 1 0.57 1 1.08 1 0.98 1 1.06
S-BA 1 1.38 1 1.40 1 1.40 1 1.40
S-EM 1 0.71 1 0.82 1 0.79 1 0.80
FC-Fuel 755 638 646 588 992 873 829 755
Eq-Fuel 777 661 696 631 994 874 862 779
Q-FC 3.2 2.0 1.5 1.3 5.2 4.1 1.9 1.4
Q-BA 0.0157 0.0144 0.0154 0.0144 0.0177 0.016 0.0165 0.0163
Obj1 - 1.83 1.84 1.70 - 2.41 2.03 1.91
Obj2 - 0.76 0.77 0.71 - 2.03 1.92 1.75
Acc1 8.1 10.4 8.1 10.4 8.1 10.5 8.1 10.5
Acc2 4.1 5.3 4.1 5.2 4.1 5.3 4.1 5.3
Acc3 16.6 22.9 16.6 22.0 16.6 22.4 16.6 22.3
Spd_max 119.0 106.0 119.0 111.0 119.0 109.3 119.0 110.0
Grd 21.8 16.3 21.8 16.7 21.8 16.4 21.8 16.4