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. 2025 Oct 31;12:1644753. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1644753

Table 2.

Estimation results for structural equation model.

Dependent variable
(1) Familiarity (2) Sweetness (3) Healthiness (4) Tastiness (5) WTP
Constant 3.161*** 3.678*** 3.081*** 1.184*** 1.445
(0.256) (0.241) (0.271) (0.255) (9.658)
Sugar-free label (yes = 1, no = 0) −0.877*** −0.518*** 0.353*** −0.074 2.484**
(0.042) (0.035) (0.031) (0.046) (0.873)
Familiarity 0.025* 0.292*** 1.274***
(0.013) (0.018) (0.364)
Healthiness 0.280*** 4.352***
(0.026) (0.515)
Tastiness 5.498***
(0.350)
Sweetness 0.275*** −0.230*** 0.110*** 1.935***
(0.021) (0.015) (0.022) (0.433)
Trial number −0.049*
(0.022)
Gender 0.191 0.077 0.099 0.087 7.063
(0.122) (0.120) (0.131) (0.111) (4.664)
Age −0.003 0.006 −0.018 0.009 −0.094
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.008) (0.332)
Observations 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000
Log Likelihood −4,643.879 −4,199.497 −3,546.321 −4,628.289 −13,487.770
Akaike Inf. Crit. 9,301.758 8,410.994 7,108.641 9,274.578 26,997.540
Bayesian Inf. Crit. 9,343.802 8,447.032 7,156.692 9,328.635 27,063.610

*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. Standard errors in parentheses.