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. 2025 Nov 14;15:39922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23605-8

Table 4.

Relevant numerical values obtained from packing simulation of polygonal elements using two different algorithms.

Algorithm name Computational time Maximum iterations Number of elements Maximum contact depth (m)
Cundall’s Common plane method 26,342s 22 137 − 0.00327
Improved common plane method 23,536s 4 140 − 0.00152
Difference 2806s 18 3 − 0.00175
speedup ratio 10.65% 81.82% 2.17% 53.52%