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. 2025 Nov 14;15:39922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23605-8

Table 5.

Relevant numerical values obtained from packing simulation of polyhedral elements using two different algorithms.

Algorithm name Computational time Maximum iterations Number of elements Maximum contact depth (m)
Cundall’s Common plane method 2292456s 326 626 − 0.0025463
Improved common plane method 2163475s 218 632 − 0.0013397
Difference 128981s 108 6 − 0.0012066
speedup ratio 5.63% 33.13% 0.9% 47.39%