. 2025 Nov 4;13:1672415. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1672415

Table 4.

Comparison of EIS scores and SEE-C scores between two intervention groups before and after management.

Variable	Group	Pre-test	Post-test	Within-group comparison		Between-group comparison (post-test)
Variable	Group	Pre-test	Post-test	t-value, p-value	Hedges’ g (95% CI)	t-value, p-value	Hedges’ g (95% CI)
EIS score	Weekly feedback (n = 15)	41.13 ± 8.98	55.67 ± 7.12	t = 13.22, p < 0.001^***	2.21 (4.66, 2.00)	t = −0.45, p = 0.455	−0.16 (−0.86, 0.54)
EIS score	Monthly feedback (n = 15)	43.47 ± 7.15	56.73 ± 5.86	t = 10.47, p < 0.001^***	2.63 (3.70, 1.54)	t = −0.45, p = 0.455	−0.16 (−0.86, 0.54)
SEE-C score	Weekly feedback (n = 15)	48.00 ± 11.86	73.80 ± 8.49	t = 8.80, p < 0.001^***	3.32 (3.15, 1.25)	t = 2.17, p = 0.044^*	0.77 (0.39, 1.49)
SEE-C score	Monthly feedback (n = 15)	48.33 ± 15.85	59.93 ± 23.29	t = 2.28, p = 0.039^*	0.57 (1.10, 0.03)	t = 2.17, p = 0.044^*	0.77 (0.39, 1.49)

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Within-group comparisons (pre vs. post) were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests. Between-group comparisons at post-test were analyzed using independent-samples t-tests. Effect sizes are reported as Hedges’ g with 95% confidence intervals. p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.