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. 2025 Nov 18;8:0883. doi: 10.34133/research.0883

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Copyright © 2025 Jieliu Li et al.

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Fig. 8. — (A) Schematic of meta-Defensome composition and mitochondrial reprogramming in M1 synovial macrophages through mtROS scavenging and mtNOS inhibition. (B) Colocalization coefficient of C6-labeled multi-stage formulations with mitochondria in M1 macrophages. (C) mtROS levels of M1 macrophages decreased by meta-Defensomes treatment. (D) Ratio of M1 macrophages increased by meta-Defensomes treatment. (E) Schematics illustrating that meta-Defensomes treatment attenuates OA in model mice. (F) TEM images of the mitochondria of synovial macrophage from OA mice with different treatments. (G) Immunofluorescence of iNOS and CD206 in the synovium from OA mice with different treatments [184]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH.