Table 7.

Layer-wise mapping of prevalent attacks in SIoT communication protocol stack.

Protocol layer	Common attacks in SIoT environments	Example reference
Physical layer	Jamming, Eavesdropping, Radio interference, Signal manipulation	57
Data link/MAC layer	Replay attacks, Collision attacks, Identity spoofing at MAC, Selective forwarding	58
Network layer	Sybil attack, Sinkhole attack, Wormhole, Blackhole, Routing table poisoning, Selective packet dropping	59
Transport layer	Flooding (SYN/UDP), Session hijacking, DoS/DDoS, TCP reset attacks	60
Application layer	False data injection, Malicious code injection, Privacy leakage, Malware/botnet attacks, Unauthorized service access	6