Table 2.
Dominant teleconnection indices influencing rainfall variability and their coherence characteristics across the 12 clusters in China.
| Cluster/Station | Dominant teleconnection(s) | Strength of coherence | Frequency band (cycles/sample) | Temporal characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster 1 – Shache | PDO, NAO | Strong & persistent | 0.0625–0.125 | In-phase, mid-frequency |
| Cluster 2 – Urumqi | PDO | Moderate–strong | 0.0625–0.125 | Stable, mid-frequency |
| Cluster 3 – Leting | PDO, NAO | Strong & stable | 0.0625–0.125 | Persistent in eastern region |
| Cluster 4 – Arxan | PDO | Moderate | 0.0625–0.125 | Episodic but recurrent |
| Cluster 5 – Korla | PDO | Moderate | 0.0625–0.125 | In-phase, mid-frequency |
| Cluster 6 – Kashi | PDO, NAO | Strong | 0.0625–0.125 | Stable mid-frequency |
| Cluster 7 – Turpan | PDO | Intermittent | 0.0625–0.125 | Episodic, meaningful |
| Cluster 8 – Linjiang | PNO, PDO | Strong | 0.0625–0.125 | Broad, stable coherence |
| Cluster 9 – Heyuan | PDO | Moderate | 0.0625–0.125 | In-phase, mid-frequency |
| Cluster 10 – Haikou | PDO, PNO | Weak–moderate | Episodic | Episodic, meaningful |
| Cluster 11 – Karamay | PDO | Moderate | 0.0625–0.125 | Regional persistence |
| Cluster 12 – Hailar | PDO, NAO | Moderate–strong | 0.0625–0.125 | Mid-frequency coherence |