Table 2.
Distribution of psychological and health-related factors across PSQI subscales and results of chi-squared tests for independence
| χ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subscales | Level of Difficulty | Effort-Reward Imbalance | Comorbidity Count | Depression | ||||||||
| Balance (n = 488) | Imbalance (n = 751) | P-value | Zero (n = 877) | One (n = 277) | Two (n = 78) | > two (n = 18) | P-value | No (n = 1139) | Yes (n = 86) | P-value | ||
| Subjective sleep quality | No | 225 (46.2%) | 246 (32.98%) | < 0.001 | 352 (40.6%) | 93 (33.7%) | 25 (32.05%) | 4 (22.22%) | 0.004 | 448 (39.51%) | 21 (24.71%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | 208 (42.71%) | 369 (49.46%) | 400 (46.14%) | 135 (48.91%) | 38 (48.72%) | 7 (38.89%) | 536 (47.27%) | 36 (42.35%) | ||||
| Moderate | 41 (8.42%) | 87 (11.66%) | 83 (9.57%) | 34 (12.32%) | 6 (7.69%) | 5 (27.78%) | 109 (9.61%) | 13 (15.29%) | ||||
| Severe | 13 (2.67%) | 44 (5.9%) | 32 (3.69%) | 14 (5.07%) | 9 (11.54%) | 2 (11.11%) | 41 (3.62%) | 15 (17.65%) | ||||
| Sleep Latency | No | 210 (43.12%) | 209 (28.02%) | < 0.001 | 310 (35.76%) | 81 (29.35%) | 28 (35.9%) | 3 (16.67%) | 0.005 | 391 (34.48%) | 22 (25.88%) | 0.011 |
| Mild | 216 (44.35%) | 376 (50.4%) | 407 (46.94%) | 147 (53.26%) | 33 (42.31%) | 8 (44.44%) | 553 (48.77%) | 37 (43.53%) | ||||
| Moderate | 30 (6.16%) | 77 (10.32%) | 81 (9.34%) | 17 (6.16%) | 8 (10.26%) | 1 (5.56%) | 93 (8.2%) | 11 (12.94%) | ||||
| Severe | 31 (6.37%) | 84 (11.26%) | 69 (7.96%) | 31 (11.23%) | 9 (11.54%) | 6 (33.33%) | 97 (8.55%) | 15 (17.65%) | ||||
| Sleep Duration | No | 39 (8.01%) | 47 (6.3%) | 0.009 | 65 (7.5%) | 13 (4.71%) | 7 (8.97%) | 1 (5.56%) | 0.115 | 77 (6.79%) | 8 (9.41%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | 211 (43.33%) | 269 (36.06%) | 348 (40.14%) | 105 (38.04%) | 24 (30.77%) | 6 (33.33%) | 462 (40.74%) | 16 (18.82%) | ||||
| Moderate | 130 (26.69%) | 206 (27.61%) | 237 (27.34%) | 79 (28.62%) | 20 (25.64%) | 2 (11.11%) | 307 (27.07%) | 26 (30.59%) | ||||
| Severe | 107 (21.97%) | 224 (30.03%) | 217 (25.03%) | 79 (28.62%) | 27 (34.62%) | 9 (50%) | 288 (25.4%) | 35 (41.18%) | ||||
| Sleep Efficiency | No | 304 (62.42%) | 380 (51.01%) | 0.001 | 492 (56.81%) | 151 (54.71%) | 40 (51.28%) | 6 (33.33%) | 0.053 | 647 (57.11%) | 32 (37.65%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | 53 (10.88%) | 122 (16.38%) | 122 (14.09%) | 39 (14.13%) | 12 (15.38%) | 2 (11.11%) | 159 (14.03%) | 14 (16.47%) | ||||
| Moderate | 50 (10.27%) | 85 (11.41%) | 102 (11.78%) | 27 (9.78%) | 6 (7.69%) | 1 (5.56%) | 127 (11.21%) | 8 (9.41%) | ||||
| Severe | 80 (16.43%) | 158 (21.21%) | 150 (17.32%) | 59 (21.38%) | 20 (25.64%) | 9 (50%) | 200 (17.65%) | 31 (36.47%) | ||||
| Sleep Disturbance | No | 65 (13.35%) | 64 (8.58%) | 0.003 | 104 (12%) | 22 (7.97%) | 4 (5.13%) | 1 (5.56%) | 0.008 | 127 (11.2%) | 3 (3.53%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | 395 (81.11%) | 616 (82.57%) | 712 (82.12%) | 231 (83.7%) | 64 (82.05%) | 7 (38.89%) | 934 (82.36%) | 64 (75.29%) | ||||
| Moderate | 26 (5.34%) | 66 (8.85%) | 50 (5.77%) | 23 (8.33%) | 10 (12.82%) | 10 (55.56%) | 73 (6.44%) | 17 (20%) | ||||
| Severe | 1 (0.21%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.18%) | ||||
| Use of Sleep Medication | No | 455 (93.43%) | 690 (92.49%) | 0.881 | 818 (94.35%) | 255 (92.39%) | 65 (83.33%) | 13 (72.22%) | 0.001 | 1070 (94.36%) | 63 (74.12%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | 13 (2.67%) | 26 (3.49%) | 23 (2.65%) | 10 (3.62%) | 5 (6.41%) | 1 (5.56%) | 34 (3%) | 3 (3.53%) | ||||
| Moderate | 7 (1.44%) | 11 (1.47%) | 10 (1.15%) | 6 (2.17%) | 2 (2.56%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (1.06%) | 6 (7.06%) | ||||
| Severe | 12 (2.46%) | 19 (2.55%) | 16 (1.85%) | 5 (1.81%) | 6 (7.69%) | 4 (22.22%) | 18 (1.59%) | 13 (15.29%) | ||||
| Daytime Dysfunction | No | 232 (47.64%) | 259 (34.72%) | < 0.001 | 338 (38.99%) | 108 (39.13%) | 38 (48.72%) | 10 (55.56%) | 0.416 | 470 (41.45%) | 16 (18.82%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | 193 (39.63%) | 359 (48.12%) | 397 (45.79%) | 121 (43.84%) | 31 (39.74%) | 5 (27.78%) | 501 (44.18%) | 43 (50.59%) | ||||
| Moderate | 55 (11.29%) | 112 (15.01%) | 118 (13.61%) | 40 (14.49%) | 8 (10.26%) | 2 (11.11%) | 147 (12.96%) | 19 (22.35%) | ||||
| Severe | 7 (1.44%) | 16 (2.14%) | 14 (1.61%) | 7 (2.54%) | 1 (1.28%) | 1 (5.56%) | 16 (1.41%) | 7 (8.24%) | ||||
The results are reported by n (%)
Associations between all qualitative variables were evaluated using the chi-squared (χ²) test, with significant associations highlighted in bold