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. 2025 Nov 19;25:4063. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-25227-1

Table 3.

The effect of demographic, behavioral, psychological and Health-Related factors on subjective sleep quality using Bayesian multinomial logistic regressions

Factors Difficulty of Subjective sleep quality
Mild Moderate Severe
OR (95% CrI) OR (95% CrI) OR (95% CrI)
Age 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) 0.98 (0.94, 1.02)
BMI Underweight 0.99 (0.28, 2.52) 2.05 (0.36, 6.38) 1.92 (0.21, 6.83)
Overweight 0.94 (0.69, 1.27) 0.94 (0.55, 1.56) 0.75 (0.32, 1.53)
Obese 0.92 (0.61, 1.34) 0.99 (0.51, 1.71) 0.76 (0.25, 1.79)
Sex Male 0.76 (0.56, 1.00) 0.87 (0.53, 1.37) 0.37 (0.17, 0.69)
Wealth Status Middle 1.06 (0.75, 1.44) 1.04 (0.59, 1.70) 2.17 (0.99, 4.30)
Rich 0.85 (0.59, 1.15) 0.81 (0.45, 1.34) 1.12 (0.45, 2.31)
Marital status Married 0.98 (0.63, 1.41) 0.81 (0.44, 1.39) 0.75 (0.33, 1.54)
Education Diploma 0.93 (0.50, 1.61) 0.75 (0.30, 1.65) 0.44 (0.13, 1.03)
Undergraduate 0.95 (0.51, 1.61) 0.69 (0.27, 1.46) 0.34 (0.10, 0.83)
Postgraduate 1.38 (0.68, 2.45) 0.96 (0.32, 2.23) 0.31 (0.06, 0.91)
Mobile use (hours/day) 3–5 1.06 (0.78, 1.41) 1.16 (0.69, 1.84) 1.05 (0.49, 2.01)
≥ 5 0.72 (0.44, 1.10) 1.57 (0.75, 2.93) 0.75 (0.22, 1.82)
Physical activity Moderate 1.18 (0.83, 1.63) 1.69 (0.95, 2.81) 0.92 (0.40, 1.92)
High 0.88 (0.60, 1.25) 0.92 (0.46, 1.63) 0.99 (0.42, 2.11)
Smoking status Smoker 0.94 (0.60, 1.41) 1.08 (0.51, 1.92) 1.49 (0.50, 3.49)
Effort-Reward Imbalance 1.77 (1.33, 2.31) 2.05 (1.29, 3.18) 3.40 (1.67, 6.47)
Depression 1.38 (0.76, 2.32) 2.16 (0.95, 4.22) 6.62 (2.69, 13.55)
Comorbidity One 1.37 (0.97, 1.88) 1.70 (0.99, 2.67) 1.67 (0.75, 3.06)
Two 1.65 (0.87, 2.90) 1.21 (0.34, 2.74) 7.02 (2.34, 16.73)
> 2 2.06 (0.53, 5.80) 6.54 (1.33, 19.83) 3.57 (0.34, 13.41)

Abbreviation: CrI Bayesian Credible Interval

The reference levels were set as normal (BMI), female (sex), poor (wealth status), single (marital status), under diploma (education), less than 3 h/day (mobile use), low (Physical activity), non-smoker (smoking status), balanced (effort-reward), and zero (comorbidity)

Odds ratios (OR) that are credibly significant are highlighted in bold