Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with chronic heart failure in the training and validation cohort.
| Variables | Training cohort (n = 380) |
Validation cohort (n = 162) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Male, n (%) | 213 (56.1) | 100 (61.7) | 0.259 |
| Age, y | 71.00 [63.00, 78.00] | 70.00 [62.00, 78.00] | 0.512 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 95 (25.0) | 44 (27.2) | 0.675 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 71 (18.7) | 33 (20.4) | 0.736 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 94 (24.7) | 40 (24.7) | 1.000 |
| Valve heart disease, n (%) | 44 (11.6) | 17 (10.5) | 0.828 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 112 (29.5) | 43 (26.5) | 0.557 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 40 (10.5) | 16 (9.9) | 0.942 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 218 (57.4) | 107 (66.0) | 0.073 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 51 (13.4) | 19 (11.7) | 0.691 |
| COPD, n (%) | 74 (19.5) | 37 (22.8) | 0.440 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.61 [21.82, 26.90] | 23.96 [21.48, 26.88] | 0.657 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135.00 [119.00, 150.00] | 129.00 [118.25, 144.00] | 0.027 |
| DBP, mmHg | 76.00 [68.00, 85.00] | 74.00 [66.00, 84.00] | 0.137 |
| Admission heart rate, bpm | 80.00 [71.00, 93.00] | 76.00 [68.00, 87.00] | 0.048 |
| Laboratory test | |||
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.01 [4.46, 5.95] | 5.00 [4.57, 5.90] | 0.664 |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.55 [2.89, 4.28] | 3.54 [2.99, 4.15] | 0.873 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.17 [0.90, 1.65] | 1.12 [0.85, 1.45] | 0.123 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.07 [0.89, 1.26] | 1.08 [0.91, 1.27] | 0.717 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 1.83 [1.37, 2.40] | 1.78 [1.45, 2.41] | 0.778 |
| TBIL, μmol/L | 11.40 [8.07, 15.70] | 11.45 [8.62, 16.60] | 0.329 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 12.90 [10.00, 16.92] | 12.75 [10.00, 16.85] | 0.907 |
| ALT, U/L | 17.00 [12.00, 29.00] | 19.00 [13.25, 27.00] | 0.422 |
| AST, U/L | 24.00 [19.00, 32.00] | 24.00 [19.00, 32.00] | 0.884 |
| Serum sodium, mmol/L | 140.82 [138.80, 142.20] | 140.55 [138.65, 142.28] | 0.969 |
| e-GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 73.00 [47.75, 93.00] | 81.00 [59.25, 98.75] | 0.003 |
| BNP, n (%) | 314 (82.6) | 131 (80.9) | 0.712 |
| cTn, n (%) | 205 (53.9) | 76 (46.9) | 0.160 |
| NEU, % | 65.50 [57.58, 72.43] | 65.10 [57.90, 74.38] | 0.464 |
| MON, % | 8.25 [6.70, 10.00] | 8.20 [6.90, 10.30] | 0.508 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 334.00 [328.00, 341.00] | 334.00 [327.00, 341.75] | 0.967 |
| PLT, 109/L | 180.50 [142.75, 218.00] | 184.50 [145.25, 227.75] | 0.574 |
| CALLY index | 2.00 [0.30, 6.60] | 1.40 [0.32, 5.50] | 0.392 |
| Echocardiography results | |||
| LVEF, % | 60.00 [47.32, 66.50] | 62.05 [47.00, 67.95] | 0.182 |
| LAD, mm | 38.85 [33.00, 43.00] | 37.00 [32.02, 42.00] | 0.084 |
| First readmission within 90-day, n (%) | 71 (18.7) | 31 (19.1) | 0.998 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TBIL, total bilirubin; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BNP, Brain Natriuretic Peptide; cTn, cardiac troponin; NEU, neutrophil; MON, monocyte; PLT, platelet; CALLY index, C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD, left atrium diameter.