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. 2025 Nov 19;15:40743. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-24571-x

Table 2.

Parameter identification simulation Error.

Algorithm MAE(mV) RMSE(mV)
SSA-FOM 4.5 6.2
SSA-IOM 11.2 16.4
GWO-FOM 5.2 8.1