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. 2025 Nov 6;16:1667335. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1667335

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Copyright © 2025 Yaghoobi, Moridi Farimani, Khan, Asadollahi, Omrani, Luyten and Hu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing inhibition percentages at different concentrations (1000 to 31.25 micrograms per milliliter). Six series are compared: Sa (blue), Ml (red), Ef (green), Sf (purple), Se (orange), and Li (black). Sa and Ml generally show higher inhibition, while Ef and Se display lower or negative values at lower concentrations. Error bars indicate variability. — Percentage of inhibition of extract against gram-positive bacteria.