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. 2025 Nov 6;16:1667335. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1667335

Table 4.

MS identification of compounds from E. billardieri.

Name RT (min) Molecular formula MW Area (%) Application
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside 1.133 C22H22O12 478.1111 11.2% Treatment of cough, crown heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and angina (Du et al., 2014)
Chlorogenic Acid 1.533 C16H18O9 354.0951 1.4% Anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-pathogens, skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, liver and kidney injuries (Nguyen et al., 2024).
Terpinolene 2.467 C10H16 136.1252 8.2% Anxiolytic and sedative effects (Del Prado−Audelo et al., 2021)
3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3.7 C9H10O3 166.063 3.0% Antifungal agent (PubChem, n.d.).
Ferulic acid 5.5 C10H10O4 194.0579 0.7% Antioxidant, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial (Kumar et al., 2025).
Palmitic Acid 6.767 C16H32O2 256.2402 5.1% Used in the production of auxiliary agents for the textile industry or lubricating oils (Dalal et al., 2023).
beta-Caryophyllene Oxide 12.367 C15H24O 220.1827 1.5% Often used as a preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics (Ahmed, 2025).
3-Formyl-4,4,6-trimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienol 12.633 C10H14O2 166.0994 0.7% fungicidal properties (PubChem, n.d.).
Thymol 13.133 C10H14O 150.1045 5.9% Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cicatrizing activities (Escobar et al., 2020).
Sinapinic acid 14.0 C11H12O5 224.0685 0.2% Hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic and anti-bacterial activities
beta-Sesquiphellandrene 14.3 C15H24 204.1878 1.6% Antirhinoviral, Antiulcer (Joshi et al., 2020).
Isobornyl formate 15.233 C11H18O2 182.1307 5.9% Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects (Areejit Samal, 2025).
4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-Octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicene-3,5-diol 15.7 C30H50O2 442.3811 1.9% Not available.
Isorhamnetin 17.5 C16H12O7 316.0583 2.9% Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, organ protection, prevention of obesity (Gong et al., 2020).
1,4-Dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-octahydroazulene 18.7 C15H24 204.1878 2.0% Not available.
Germacrene D 19.133 C15H24 204.1878 3.7% Antibacterial activity (Noge and Becerra, 2009).
Daturadiol 19.733 C30H50O2 442.3811 4.6% Anti-inflammatory (Baig et al., 2021).
Caryophyllene 19.767 C15H24 204.1878 0.3% Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer (Scandiffio et al., 2020).
(Z)-4-Dodecenal 20.3 C12H22O 182.1671 2.1% Membrane stabilizer, Energy source (Api et al., 2025).
(-)-Phyllocladene 20.767 C20H32 272.2504 4.7% Not available.
2,3,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde 20.967 C10H12O 148.0888 1.8% Antimicrobial and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects (Matejić et al., 2018).
p-Coumaric acid 21.9 C9H8O3 164.0473 1.3% Application in inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and nervous system diseases (Chen et al., 2024).
(1S,4aS,4bR,6aR,8S,10aR,10bR)-8-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutyl)-4a,4b,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-1,4,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b,11-decahydrochrysene-2-carboxylic acid 23.7 C30H48O4 472.3553 8.8% Not available.
Eucalyptol 23.833 C10H18O 154.1358 2.4% Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and bronchodilatory effects (Hoch et al., 2023).
Daidzein 25.633 C15H10O4 254.0579 0.9% Managing conditions like osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers (Sun et al., 2016).
Apigenin 26.233 C15H10O5 270.0528 0.9% Traditional medicine to potential use in cancer therapy, dermatology, and even enhancing reproductive health (Salehi et al., 2019).
Camphor 29.267 C10H16O 152.1201 0.3% Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Del Prado−Audelo et al., 2021).
Phytolaccagenin 34.933 C31H48O7 532.34 11.2% Antifungal, antihypertensive (Del Prado−Audelo et al., 2021).
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside 36.633 C21H20O11 448.1006 0.7% Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anticancer properties (Caporali et al., 2022).
Borneol 39.267 C10H18O 154.1358 2.2% Anti-inflammatory effects, analgesia, antioxidation (Hu et al., 2024b).
Umbelliferone 41.8 C9H6O3 162.0317 0.8% Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties (Mazimba, 2017).
1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid 42.2 C25H24O12 516.1268 0.7% Role in the treatment of respiratory diseases (Hufnagel et al., 2024).
Carotol 43.2 C15H26O 222.1984 0.2% Cytotoxic agent against cancer cells, as well as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and mosquito repellent properties (Sharma et al., 2019).