Table 3.

Performance metrics of clinical, radiomics and combined models across datasets.

Model	Dataset	AUC (95% CI)	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity
Clinical Model	Internal Training Set	0.705 (0.592-0.818)	0.64	0.586	0.824
	Internal Validation Set	0.691 (0.486-0.895)	0.677	0.667	0.714
	External Validation Set	0.653 (0.450-0.857)	0.618	0.593	0.714
	Internal Training Set	0.835 (0.733-0.937)	0.813	0.828	0.765
Radiomics Model	Internal Validation Set	0.833 (0.624-1.000)	0.806	0.792	0.857
	External Validation Set	0.831 (0.641-1.000)	0.912	1	0.571
	Internal Training Set	0.896 (0.825-0.966)	0.787	0.724	1
Combined Model	Internal Validation Set	0.863 (0.713-1.000)	0.71	0.625	1
	External Validation Set	0.884 (0.757-1.000)	0.735	0.667	1